Monday, December 30, 2019

Physical Domain For Early Childhood - 1662 Words

The physical domain for early childhood involves â€Å"a slower growth pattern† (Berk, 2012, p. 290) from when the child was an infant. As both genders begin to thin in different regions of the body, the torso â€Å"lengthens and widens† as the â€Å"spine straightens† (Berk, 2012, p. 290). With â€Å"body proportions similar to those of adults† (Berk, 2012, p. 290), they do not bear much resemblance to the little cherub-faced infants they once were. This elongating and shaping of the body ultimately helps with motor coordination because the â€Å"posture and balance improve† (Berk, 2012, p. 290). The child observed, gch, was able to engage in different activities due to her abilities in motor function. During the first observation, she hopped across the room†¦show more content†¦318). He placed more of an emphasis on the play and motor activity improving cognitive thinking rather than language. Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget about c hildren’s mental abilities in his sociocultural theory, explaining the belief that â€Å"the child and the social environment collaborate to mold cognition in culturally adaptive ways† (Berk, 2012, p. 329). He proposed that â€Å"rapid growth of language broadens preschoolers’ participation in social dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals, who encourage them to master culturally important tasks† (Berk, 2012, p. 329). This enhances â€Å"the complexity of their thinking and ability to control their own behavior† (Berk, 2012, p. 329). Vygotsky, therefore, placed more emphasis on language than Piaget did, regarding it as â€Å"the foundation of all higher cognitive processes† (Berk, 2012, p. 360). As children grow and interact with adults aiding and teaching them through language, they ultimately learn how to think for themselves in their surroundings with the ability to speak internally and externally. Differing from the other two theories is information processing theory. This belief focuses on mental strategies of a child (Berk, 2012, p. 334). As they grow, they begin to â€Å"guide their own behavior [to] lead to more efficient and flexible ways of attending, manipulating information, and solving problems (Berk, 2012, p. 334). Out of theShow MoreRelatedLifespan Studies: Cognitive, Language, Social and Emotional, Physical and Holistic Development, and Discuss How Te Whariki Supports and Promotes the Development of Each Domain in the Early Childhood Sector.1113 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will describe five developmental domains, Cognitive, Language, Social and Emotional, Physical and Holistic Development, and discuss how Te Whariki supports and promotes the development of each domain in the early childhood sector. The definition of Cognitive Development as stated by the Encyclopaedia of Childrens Health, is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving and decision-making from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. According toRead MoreHuman Development And The Lifespan Theory1246 Words   |  5 Pageson the major domains of the Human Development and the Lifespan Theory. The major domains of the human developments are Physical/Biological System, Cognitive System, Emotional System, and Social Systems. Each domain s focus on things which shapes an individual life. Physical/biological system domain focuses on the genetical foundation of a person. For example, the changes in body weight or appearance; however, this could affect an individual s other three domains. The cognitive domain focuses onRead MoreThe Impact Of Sensory Processing Disorder On Development And Development1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdivided into eight different developmental periods. This essay will focus on the early childhood period that ranges from two to five or six years of age. Firstly, this essay will describe the typical developmental milestones during early childhood and how they play an important role in each developmental stage that follows. Secondly, it will analyse how the home and educational environments influence early childhood. Finally, it will define Auditory Processing Disorder and the characteristics ofRead MoreUnderstanding and Developing Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagestoddlerhood, throughou t early and middle childhood, and several theories for these milestones. Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson classify their different theories of the stages of life in three unique domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial/emotional. Infancy/Toddlerhood (0-3) and Domain Physical The physical domain of lifespan development is continually changing the human body physically throughout one’s life time. During the infancy and toddlerhood, these physical changes happen veryRead MoreIntegration Of Arts And The Arts798 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement, and the arts appeal to all five developmental domains, including cognitive, physical, social, emotional, as well as language development. Music is a very natural process and important part of children’s learning, growth, and development. Music helps build children’s literacy skills, as well as focuses of the five developmental domains. â€Å"Early interaction with music positively affects the quality of all children’s lives† (Early Childhood Education, n.d.). Successful interactions with musicRead MoreCognitive, Social, And Physical Development936 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive, Social Physical Development Early Childhood Education emphasizes the development of the whole child: Cognitive, social and physical. Some educators emphasize the cognitive domain, neglecting social and physical development. Student learning is enhanced when teachers incorporate the three domains into planning and implementation of curriculum. This paper will investigate how cognitive, social, and physical domains of development are inextricably linked and how they affect the developmentRead MoreEssay on The NYS Early Learning Guidelines641 Words   |  3 PagesThe NYS Early Learning Guidelines were created as a reference guide by the Early Childhood Advisory Council (ECAC) for those who are responsible for the care and education of young children. These guidelines can help early childhood professionals with learning and developing their skills in order to foster children’s growth and development. The guideline focuses on the five domains: Physical well-being, Health and Motor Development, Social and Emotional Development, Approaches to learning, CognitionRead MoreTechnology s Impact On Young Children1465 Words   |  6 Pagesexpressions. Therefore, children with less physical contact tend to have trouble developing social skills. Needless to say, there are also various benefits of the use of technology if integrated appropriately into the early childhood curriculum design. However, the benefits usually tend to get easily overlooked by the negatives. This paper will examine the effects of technology on young children and how it supports their development in all domains including physical, cognitive, and social. I will discussRead MoreCurrent Perspectives Of Psychology And Human Development Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluences of domains on human development across the lifespan and how they interrelate. The domains of development including Physical, Cognitive, Emotional and Socio-cultural /or moral. Also some of the human lifespan stages are Prenatal (prior to birth), Infa ncy (0-2yrs), Early Childhood (2-5yrs), Middle Childhood/School Age (5-12yrs), and Adolescence (13-20yrs). The outline of this essay would identify the Prenatal and Emotional; Physical and Infancy; Cognitive and Early childhood; Emotional andRead MoreCharacteristics of children in middle childhood Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout human life. The early stages of development in children are important in their life span. Children in middle childhood are those who are in the age between 6 to 11 years old. Most children in middle childhood start their formal education in primary school. In this stage, they have more opportunities to expose themselves to people and environment they had never known. In general, children in middle childhood are characterized by 3 major domains which are physical, cognitive and psychosocial

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Meeting of the Minds at a Higher Gear Evolution through...

Meeting of the Minds at a Higher Gear: Evolution through Resolution Conflict resolution is a challenging task. Typically for the participating parties it is an experience beyond the physical world; it is about an emotional state. Emotions run high and the facilitator’s role takes on different forms as the process moves forward towards the finish line. Good skills are only as effective if the yield an acceptable, and preferably an amicable, resolution. The key is to ensure that these skills are always applied with relevancy: the right time, the right skill at the right dose. It is similar to leadership styles, that should be applied at the right time to address a specific need (Goleman, 2000). An effective facilitator is expected†¦show more content†¦4. Decisive Time Management: It is imperative from the outset to keep the process on an agreed timeline. Initially, each party should offer their opening arguments. Then the facilitator should encourage the parties to provide input on their priorities of the outstanding issues. Picking the right battle is half of the battle. The ultimate priorities should be communicated to both parties and negotiations can begins. Many issues may be easily resolved while other may take longer time. The Facilitator may elect to use â€Å"parking space† for issues which would requires reconsideration, internal consultation or simply time to sink in. Avoiding arguing about a single issue for a lengthy time without making progress is essential. Otherwise it would defeat the purpose of the entire negotiations and distract the parties from reaching a resolution. It is acceptable to agree to disagree on minor issues along the way provided that the overall issues are resolved. 5. Coherent Zooming and Focusing: These two mutually included activities are very important. Zoom enables one to isolate one fact from the sea of information. Focus enables him/her to make it clearer. One must avoid generalization of issues. Clustering issuesShow MoreRelatedCoaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions110684 Words   |  443 Pagestruly serve is to coach. In a world of hyper competition and talent shortages, pithy leadership quotes won’t be enough. In Keith Rosen’s brilliant book you’ll not only learn how to create a winning culture and a competitive advantage for your team through coaching but also how to create and leave a legacy that you’ll be proud of. These lessons, if applied, have the power to transform your team, your management career, and your life.’’ Vince Thompson, Author of Ignited ‘‘When it comes to buildingRead MoreBmw of North America9044 Words   |  37 Pagesacross all BMW product lines and, if so, what this meant for the regional and global manufacturing strategy, sales and distribution strategy, and the overall competitive positioning of BMW in North America. He needed to make up his mind before the next management meeting at the end of the month where he had to present the proposal to Ludwig Willisch, the recently appointed CEO of BMW North America. This proposal would have far-reaching internal and external effects. The U.S. Automotive Industry Read MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagesorganized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. 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The objective of the EERP is to restore confidence and bolster demand through a coordinated injection of purchasing power into the economy complemented by strategic investments and measures to shore up business and labour markets. The overall fiscal stimulus, including the effects of automatic stabilisers, amounts to 5% ofRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Ro sewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. 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Irish undergraduate posted a poetic but phoney quote on Wikipedia hours after Maurice Jarre’s death, Wikipedia quickly removed it for the lack attribution but journalists †¢ E.g. Cover page of economist:Read Moreventure capital Essays16329 Words   |  66 Pagescontributors with outstanding returns on investment, for the higher risks they assume. Venture Capitalists generally: 1. Finance new and rapidly growing companies 2. Typically knowledge-based, sustainable, up scalable companies 3. Purchase equity / quasi-equity securities 4. Assist in the development of new products or services 5. Add value to the company through active participation 6. Take higher risks with the expectation of higher rewards 7. Have a long-term orientation When consideringRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesand accountability. The advent of social networking and other media has transformed the way citizens interact and how businesses market, promote, and distribute their products globally. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

Kilogram and Density Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 1. List the seven SI base quantities, units, and symbols. TIME Second (s) 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Kilogram and Density or any similar topic only for you Order Now Give the correct SI derived units of the following quantities. Density Speed Acceleration Force Pressure kg/m3 Energy 3. Convert the following: ? m (Ans. 1. 22) a. 1. 22 x 10-9 km = b. 6. 523 x 10-4 nm = c. 2. 5x 10-9 nm3 = d. 30. 5 cm/? s = e. 9. 6 ng/mm2 = 4. Mm (Ans. 6. 523 x 10-19) mm3 (Ans. 2. 5 x 10-27) km/h (Ans. 1. 09 x 106) kg/m2 (Ans. 9. 6 x 10-6) Perform the following calculations and report each answer with the correct number of significant figures and units. b. 2. 457 m x 1. 2 m x 2. 45 m d. 3. 6050 cm x (24. 10 cm – 23. 0 cm) a. 3. 45 m – 3. 4 m c. (50. 214 g – 49. 93 g) x 1. 224 cm / 55. 22 cm3 e. 4. 0 x 102 cm – 3 cm f. ?2. 7612g ? 2. 7601g ? 2. 20cm 3 g 26. 167m ? 83m 5. 100m h. 12. 64 cm – 48 mm + 0. 246 m (answer in meters) 7. 87 g/m2 (16. 1 m – 8. 44 m) i. Ans. a) 0. 1 m; b) 7. 2 m3; c) 6. 3 x 10-3 g/cm2; d) 3. 61 cm2; e) 4. 0 x 102 cm; f) 5. 0 x 10-4 g/cm3; g) 21. 4 g/m3; h) 0. 324 m ; i) 1. 03 g/cm3 5. The element beryl lium is considered toxic at a concentration of 3. 0 x 10-12 g/cm3. What is this concentration in ng/m3? (Ans. 3. 0 x 103) 6. The average density of the earth is 5. 52 g/cm 3. What is its density in: a) ? /mm3? (Ans. 5. 52 x 103) b) lb/ft3? (1 lb = 453. 6 g; 1 in = 2. 54 cm) (Ans. 345) 7. Diamond has a density of 3. 513 g/cm3. The mass of diamonds is often measured in â€Å"carats† where 1 carat = 200 mg. What is the volume (in cm 3) of a 2. 5 carat diamond? (Ans. 0. 14) The density of a liquid alcohol is 0. 79 g/cm 3. A tank measuring 3. 2 m x 0. 0020 km x 4. 1 mm is filled with the alcohol. What is the mass of the contents in kg? (Ans. 21) The density of gold is 19. 3 g/ cm 3. A 3. 4 mg sample of gold is hammered into a square foil that is 8. 6 ? 10? 6 cm thick. What is the length of a side of the square, in cm? Ans. 4. 5) A 14-karat gold ring contains 58. 3% gold and weighs 12. 41 g. If gold sells for $276. 00/ounce, what is the value of the gold in the ring? (1 oz = 28. 35 g) (Ans. $70. 4) A packing material has a density of 12. 8 kg/m 3. How many lbs of this material are needed to fill a 2. 00 ft3 box? (1lb = 454 g; 1in = 2. 54 cm) (Ans. 1. 60 lb) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. A jogger runs at an average speed of 6. 5 mi/h. (1 mile = 1. 609 km; 1 in = 2. 54 cm) a) How fast is she running in m/s? (Ans. 2. 91 m/s) b) How many kilometers does she run in 98 min? (Ans. 17 km) c) How long should it take her to cover 12 km? (Ans. 1. h) d) If she starts a run at 11:15 am, what time is it after she covers 4. 75 x 10 4 ft? (Ans 12:38pm) 13. Manganese makes up 1. 3 x 10-4 percent by mass of the elements found in a normal healthy body. How many grams of manganese would be found in the body of person weighing 183 lbs? (2. 2 lb = 1. 0 kg) (Ans. 0. 11 g) If 5. 00 lbs of mercury cost $175 and mercury has a density of 13. 6 g/cm3, what is the cost of 2. 00 L of mercury? (1 lb = 454 g) (Ans. $ 2. 10 x 103) If a raindrop weighs 65 mg on average and 5. 1 x 10 5 raindrops fall on a lawn every minute. What mass (in kg) of rain falls on a lawn in 2. h? (Ans. 5. 0 x 103 kg) A concentrated sulfuric acid solution has a density of 1. 84 g/cm3 and contains is 95. 7% H2SO4 by mass. (Note: density of a solution means mass of solution divided by volume of solution. ) a) How many grams of pure H 2SO4 are contained in 1. 00 gallon of this solution? 3. 785 L) (Ans. 6. 66 x 103) (1 gallon = 14. 15. 16. b) How many mm3 of this solution contain 100. 0 mg of pure H2SO4? ( Ans 56. 8 mm3) 17. A gold alloy has a density of 12. 4 g/ml and contains 75. 0% gold by mass. Calculate the volume of this alloy that can be made from 255 g of pure gold. (Ans. 27. 4 mL) 18. Whole milk contains 8. 0 % butterfat by mass. If 5. 0 g butterfat supplies 15 calories, how many calories are contained in 1. 45 gallons of whole milk ( density of milk = 0. 8 g/ml; 1 gallon = 3. 785 L) (Ans. 1. 1 x 103 cal) Earth’s oceans have an average depth of 3. 800 x 10 3 m, a total area of 3. 63 x 108 km2, and an average concentration of dissolved gold equal to 5. 80 ng/L. 19. a) Caculate the volume of the oceans in cm3. (Ans. 1. 38 x 1024) b) How many kilograms of gold are in the oceans? (Ans. 8. 00 x 109 kg) c) If a recent price of gold was $370. 00/troy oz, what is the value of gold in the oceans? 1 troy oz =31. 1g) (Ans. $ 9. 52 x 1013) 20. When combining the masses 0. 0562 kg, 124. 213 g and 1635 mg, the total should be reported to ______ significant figures. (Ans. 4) 21. What is the best answer to report for the following mathematical operation? 15. 415 ? 14. 515 + 0. 0402597 (Ans. 0. 300) 3. 465 22. How many vials of volume 24. 2 mm 3 can be filled from a bulk sa mple of 0. 525 kg of a liquid of density 0. 900 g/cm3? (Ans. 2. 41 x 104) It is estimated that uranium is relatively common in the earth’s crust, occurring in amounts of 4 g/metric ton. A metric ton is 1000 kg. At this concentration, what mass of uranium is present in 1. 0 mg of the earth’s crust? A. B. C. D. E. 4 nanograms 4 micrograms 4 milligrams 4 x 10-5 g 4 centigrams 23. 24. Which of the following are intensive properties? W. mass X. density Y. volume Z. boiling point Which one of the following is not a physical property of water? A. B. C. D. E. It exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms It reacts with sodium to form sodium hydroxide It is clear and colorless It freezes at 100? C at 1 atm pressure It boils at 100? C at 1 atm pressure 25. ————————————–ANSWERS: 23 A; 24 X and Z; 25 B. How to cite Kilogram and Density, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

The flynn effect free essay sample

The Flynn effect is named after intelligence researcher James Flynn, an emeritus professor of the University of Otago in New Zealand. According to James Flynn, over the course of the last century, people who have taken IQ tests have gotten increasingly better scores – on average, three points better for every decade that has passed. Flynn knew that intelligence is partly inherited from our parents and partly the result of our environment and experiences, but improvement in test scores was happening too quickly to be explained by heredity. So some of the explanations offered are these: a) Education: have better education. b) Smaller family: today couple just have 1-2 children. Receive more attention. c) Test-taking savvy: know the tips to take tests. d) Genes: smart couple borns smart children whose IQ will be as high as or higher than those of the parents. 1. Do you believe people are really getting smarter? Why or Why not? Actually, in our opinion, we believe that people are really getting smarter as compare to their ancestors. The world is full of evidence that modern humans have more going on upstairs than their ancestors did: such as the appearance of Smartphones, the success of Heart transplants, finding the treatment for various fatal diseases,†¦ Because nowadays, there are many factors which can impact on people’s intelligence and make it more compeletely. better nutrition since it results in babies being born larger, healthier, and with more brain development than in the past. Medicine development: there are various kind of brain tonic which stimulate brain development ? improve intelligence changes in educational styles, with teachers encouraging children to learn by discovering things for themselves rather than just memorizing information. ? This could prepare people to do the kind of problem solving that intelligence tests require. Development technology: provide people with tools which help them access to information easily, learn from variety of knowledge and experience resources. Every time you play a computer game or figure out how to program a new cell phone, you are exercising exactly the kind of thinking and problem solving. 2. Which of the factors explaining the Flynn effect do you accept? The Flynn Effect has given the most suitable factors in this article. They have explained four different factors. We support with 2 of 4 those : Education and Test-taking saavvy. Firstly, education has been changed a lot since past years. Today students usually use the modern technologies for studying purpose, thus, Internet becomes one of the most useful things for studying. Moreover, nowadays, people also have more opportunities to study such as study abroard, therefore, they can interract with many kinds of people, many cultures, many types of education in the world. Through these, you can improve your intelligence in specific aspects. Secondly, students take a lot of tests during the semesters. This help them do brain exercise to stimulate thinking and solving problem skills. Besides, they know how to take tests and how to do well on them, so they can get higher score. It helps to new generation to do well with IQ test and so forth.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Ict Project free essay sample

How ICT is used in this area7 Uses of Advertising7 Hardware and software Requirements7 Advantages7 Disadvantages7 Teaching and Learning7 How ICT is used in this area7 Uses of Teaching and Advertising7 Hardware and software Requirements7 Advantages8 Disadvantages8 Publishing8 How ICT is used in this area8 Uses of Publishing8 Hardware and software Requirements8 Advantages8 Disadvantages8 Data Management in sales8 How ICT is used in this area8 Uses of Data Management in Sales8 Hardware and software Requirements8 Advantages8 Disadvantages8 Network Database Management systems8 How ICT is used in this area8 Uses of Network Database Management Sytems8 Hardware and software Requirements9 Advantages9 Disadvantages9 Payroll Application9 How ICT is used in this area9 Uses of Payroll Application9 Hardware and software Requirements9 Advantages9 Disadvantages9 Technical and Customer Support9 How ICT is used in this area9 Uses of Technical and Customer Support9 Hardware and software Requirements9 Advantages9 Disadvantages9 Art and Design9 How ICT is used in this area9 Uses of Art and Design10 Hardware and software Requirements10 Advantages10 Disadvantages10 Online Services10 How ICT is used in this area10 Uses of Online Services10 Hardware and software Requirements10 Advantages10 Disadvantages10 Employment Patterns and Working Patterns10 How ICT is used in this area10 Uses of Employment Patterns and Working Patterns10 Hardware and software Requirements10 Advantages10 Disadvantages10 Data Security and Privacy11 How ICT is used in this area11 Uses of Data Security and Privacy11 Hardware and software Requirements11 Advantages11 Disadvantages11 Expert Systems11 How ICT is used in this area11 Uses of Expert Systems11 Hardware and software Requirements11 Advantages11 Disadvantages11 Monitoring and Measurements11 How ICT is used in this area11 Uses of Monitoring and Measurements11 Hardware and software Requirements11 Advantages12 Disadvantages12 Project Management12 How ICT is used in this area12 Uses of Project Management12 Hardware and software Requirements12 Advantages12 Disadvantages12 Modelling12 How ICT is used in this area12 Uses of Modelling12 Hardware and software Requirements12 Advantages12 Disadvantages12 Market Research12 How ICT is used in this area12 Uses of Market Research12 Hardware and software Requirements13 Advantages13 Disadvantages13 Research Applications13 How ICT is used in this area13 Uses of Monitoring and Measurements13 Hardware and software Requirements13 Advantages13 Disadvantages13 Online Applications13 How ICT is used in this area13 Uses of Online Applications13 Hardware and software Requirements13 Advantages13 Disadvantages13 Stock Control13 How ICT is used in this area13 Uses of Stock Control14 Hardware and software Requirements14 Advantages14 Disadvantages14 Part 2 – Comparison study of Mustafa Sultan Enterprises and Al Sahwa Schools15 Mustafa Sultan Enterprises15 How this organisation uses ICT15 How the use of ICT has changed the production of this organisation15 What hardware is being used? 15 What software is being used? 15 Advantages of using ICT on the running of the organisation, customers, employees and working patterns15 Disadvantages of using ICT on the running of the organisation, customers, employees and working patterns15 Overall Conclusion15 Introduction ICT is being used in many things. We will write a custom essay sample on Ict Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is used in different organisations to do different tasks. In this report I will be researching how organisations use ICT to do different tasks. And their advantages and disadvantages on the organisation. Part 1 Control Systems How ICT is used in this area Control system is used in many things, like: washing machines, Air-conditioning systems, green house and Programmable microwave ovens. ICT is used to control these systems by using sensors. There are many types of sensors like, light, temperature and moisture sensor. These sensors send data to the computer to make it work. Uses of control Systems * Air conditioning * Green house * Programmable microwave ovens * Refrigeration Hardware and software Requirements * Robot * Temperature sensor * Moisture sensor * Pressure sensor * Light sensor Advantages * Computer systems work faster than humans. Computer systems can be replaced when it’s damaged. * Control systems are more efficient and work 24 hours. Disadvantages * High costs to invest computer systems. * Computers replace humans, less jobs available. Working Practices How ICT is used in this area Working practise is working from home. By having portable communication devices, computer systems and internet connection. People can work from anywhere and anytime. They can stay in contact with other people by using broadband connection or virtual private network Uses of Working Practices * Video conferencing * Phone conferencing * Instant messaging Faxing Hardware Requirements: * Laptop computer * Desktop computer * Mouse * Keyboard * Printers (laser and inkjet) * Scanner * Modem * Fax machine * Mobile telephone * Web cams * Microphones * Telephones Software Requirements: * Word processing * DTP * Spreadsheet * Database * Organising software * Communications software * Web browser Advantages * People can work from anyplace for example while travelling * Working 24 hours * Less stressful for staff * Saves money as less space needed Disadvantages * Less supervision leads to less work being done * High costs of buying and maintaining ICT requirements Damage of computer systems will lead to delay in work Communications How ICT is used in this area ICT is used as a tool for communication. People can communicate wit h each other from different places. Organisations can also communicate with other organisations. By using mobile phones, video conferencing, laptops and emails. Uses of Communications * Mobile telephones * Video conferencing * Lap-top computers * E-mail * Multi-media communications Hardware Requirements: * Mobile telephones * Video conferencing * Lap-top computers * E-mail Software Requirements: * Internet connection * Advantages Can talk to people at any part of the world * Takes less time * Able to send lots of information at once Disadvantages * Cannot send if in there is no internet connection * May be hard to understand person’s voice if there is a bad signal across the phones or video conferencing * Your email address could get hacked. Advertising How ICT is used in this area ICT is used in advertising products, businesses and services. Methods used to advertise in ICT are, websites, flyers, posters and online directory. Uses of Advertising * Product advertising * Busin ess advertising * Service advertising Hardware Requirements: * Computers Mouse * Keyboard * Printer (laser and inkjet) * Scanner * Modem * Microphone * Speakers * Video camera * Digital camera Software Requirements: * Web authoring packages * Word-processing * DTP * Spreadsheet * Database * Communications software Advantages * Advertising a product on a website allows people from any part of the world to see * It is cheaper to advertise things online, By sending emails to customers or suggesting a product to friends on * Advertising products or services 24 hours Disadvantages * If your computer gets a virus then it could cause you to lose all your data which could be important. loose of information which is very risk * if there is no internet connection, they cannot work Teaching and Learning How ICT is used in this area Students use ICT to make learning much easier. By using internet resources they can access all resources to get information. And they also can communicate with othe r students and teachers to exchange information. Uses of Teaching and learning * Schools * Universities * Colleges Hardware Requirements: * Computer * Mouse * Keyboard * Printers (laser and inkjet) * Scanner (for OMR) * Overlay keyboard * Interactive Whiteboard Software Requirements Web browsing software * Web authoring software * Overlay software * Database * Spreadsheet * Assessment software Advantages * Unlimited useful resources for students to use like internet. * It is useful for people with disabilities to learn from home. * Students can communicate with each other from different parts of the world. Disadvantages * It can be very boring sitting in front of a computer screen * Some people need talking and discussing a subject to understand more. * If there is internet connection, students cannot access to learning resources. Publishing How ICT is used in this area It refers to the process of using the computer to produce professional documents, also through photo image and editing software Uses of Publishing Printing: * Books, * Magazines * Newspapers * Record/CD/DVD labels and sleeves * Posters Hardware Requirements: * Web offset machines * Computers * Digital cameras Software Requirements * Photo image * editing * DTP Advantages * Low costs as publishing is online * Better and faster knowledge about the market * Web is open 24 hours Disadvantages * Web publishing risks the loss of copyrighted information * Need internet connection Data Management in sales How ICT is used in this area Data management in sales controls all sales. Uses of Data Management in Sales Hardware Requirements * Computers * Laptops * PDA Software Requirements * Time management * Time tracking * Project tracking Advantages Disadvantages Network Database Management systems How ICT is used in this area It’s a group of programs that helps people to store, modify, and get information from a database. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. Uses of Network Database Management Systems Hardware Requirements * hard disks * Microcomputers to large mainfraimes. * Database machines: which is hardware designed specifically to support a database system. Software Requirements Advantages * Shares large volume of data * Easy to access data * Saves time data can be accessed at anytime from anywhere * Network users will be able to make updates to the data whenever they choose * If the database is located on the company network, those database administrators will be able to access the tables in the database and add the new fields that are needed Disadvantages Database systems are difficult, and time-consuming to design * If the database is located on a standalone workstation, the database administrator will have to travel to that workstation to make any changes and updates. * If the security is not strong, users could place the database into a state that prevents others from using it. * Damage to database affects all applications programs Payroll Application How ICT is used i n this area It is a sum of all financial records in a business of salaries, wages, bonuses and deductions. The two files which are involved are: Master file: holds all data about the workers works. Transaction file: a temporary file that contains some data which can change from week to week or month to month. Uses of Payroll Application * Producing payslips * Financial reports Hardware Requirements: * Computers Software Requirements: * Payroll software Advantages * The employer taxation and employee taxation calculations are done for you you dont have to have an accounting degree to figure that out. * You do not have to sign all the checks * The payroll service will retain records for your payroll needs. * The service can pay your taxes for you Disadvantages Some service bureaus will charge the employer each time they make a call, request a report, ask for a copy of a check etc. * There is a fee involved as the service is doing everything to support your needs. * The service does not back the employer should have their own backup Technical and Customer Support How ICT is used in this ar ea Uses of Technical and Customer Support * Utility companies * Mail order catalogue firms * Telephone call centers * Customer support for computer hardware and software * Online help lines Hardware Requirements * Computer networks(modem) Software Requirements Computer telephony integration software including third party control and first party control Advantages * Quicker resolution times * Centralized knowledge and expertise * Reduce infrastructure costs * Flexible hours of operation * Access to complete reporting and documentation regarding any contact with your customers * Multiple contact types, phones, email, chat, or web submission Disadvantages Art and Design How ICT is used in this area Uses of Art and Design * Marketing/advertising CD, DVD and record labels and sleeves. * Posters * Books * Magazines Hardware Requirements: * Computers * Digital cameras * Scanners Mouse / tracker ball * Large memory devices * Light pens Software Requirements: * Design software * Library of d esigns * Clipart * Photo galleries Advantages Disadvantages Online Services How ICT is used in this area Uses of Online Services Internet service provider, email provider, news provider (press), entertainment provider (music, movies), e-shopping site (online stores), e-finance or e-banking site, e-health site, e-government site Hardware and software Requirements Advantages * Using electronic services removes the need to travel to Government buildings, telephone for information or use paper to render returns. It also allows Government to respond faster to your submissions and become more responsive. * registering is a simple, quick, do once process which can be done whenever you want. * You can then enrol with multiple services and conduct your business transactions with Government whenever you like. Disadvantages Employment Patterns and Working Patterns How ICT is used in this area Uses of Employment Patterns and Working Patterns Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Data Security and Privacy How ICT is used in this area Uses of Data Security and Privacy Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Expert Systems How ICT is used in this area Uses of Expert Systems * Investment Analysis * Financial Planning * Insurance Planning * Car Engine Fault Diagnosis * Medical Diagnosis * Plant and Animal Identification Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Monitoring and Measurements How ICT is used in this area Uses of Monitoring and Measurements * Medical Applications * Weather Monitoring * Monitoring the Environment * Scientific Experiments Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Project Management How ICT is used in this area Uses of Project Management Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Modelling How ICT is used in this area Uses of Modelling Hardware and software Requirements Advantages * Safer way of learning * Can be repeated in quick succession * Dangerous situations can be simulated at no risk to vehicle or driver Disadvantages * Expensive to buy and maintain * Impossible to replicate all possible difficult situations they may experience * Operators may become too overconfident, as they are not in real physical danger and may make mistakes which would be catastrophic in the real situation Market Research How ICT is used in this area Uses of Market Research Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Research Applications How ICT is used in this area Uses of Monitoring and Measurements Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Online Applications How ICT is used in this area Uses of Online Applications * Online banking * Online Shopping * Online Booking Hardware and software Requirements Advantages * Bookings can be made at any time * Time and cost are saved * Things can be done quickly- You do not need to go early to the airport to check-in, it can be done online. Disadvantages * Have to employ web designers to design their websites Stock Control How ICT is used in this area Uses of Stock Control Hardware and software Requirements Advantages Disadvantages Part 2 – Comparison study of Mustafa Sultan Enterprises and Al Sahwa Schools Mustafa Sultan Enterprises How this organisation uses ICT How the use of ICT has changed the production of this organisation What hardware is being used? What software is being used? Advantages of using ICT on the running of the organisation, customers, employees and working patterns Disadvantages of using ICT on the running of the organisation, customers, employees and working patterns Overall Conclusion

Monday, November 25, 2019

A Midsummer Nights Dream Research Paper Example

A Midsummer Nights Dream Research Paper Example A Midsummer Nights Dream Paper A Midsummer Nights Dream Paper Essay Topic: Literature This passage from A Midsummer Nights Dream occurs near the resolution of the play, when unions between lovers are being strengthened and the different worlds of the play are in the process of becoming reconciled. To facilitate the typical harmonious denouement of a Shakespearian comedy, the diverse subplots and imaginative worlds that exist within the drama must come together, resulting in a comedic closure in which harmony reigns. The appearance of two different sets of characters that belong to the development of two different subplots in this extract illustrates Shakespeares wider practice in the comedy: that of orchestrating numerous subplots, which all terminate at the conclusion of the play with marriage, celebration and harmony. The plot strands featured in this passage the love battles between Lysander and Hermia, and Demetrius and Helena; and the preparations by the group of mechanicals, led by Nick Bottom, to stage a play, constitute only two of the four subplots to be found in A Midsummer Nights Dream. The story that provides the context and impetus for much of the action in the play is the impending marriage of Theseus of Athens to Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, and later its celebration. Theseus and his court in ancient Greece provide the frame for the play, and Theseus stands in judgement of the affairs of the exponents of the courtly world. It is he who establishes the tone of the play at the outset: Now, fair Hippolyta, our nuptial hour / Draws on apace. Four happy days bring in / Another moon (I. i. -3), and also he who summarises the trend for order at the end: Lovers, to bed; tis almost fairy time / A fortnight hold we this solemnity / In nightly revels and new jollity (V. i. 357-363). A fourth subplot centres on the fairy kingdom, and particularly the quarrel between Oberon and Titania. The magical aspects involved in the plots of the aristocrats and the mechanicals derive from this source, and the mythical and altogether unreal dimension of this realm allows Shakespeare to weave together different plots into a coherent whole without having to give it the semblance of reality. It is the sudden absence of this illusory world in the lives of both the aristocrats and of Bottom that provides the subject for the passage in the fourth act, as both groups ponder whether it has all been a dream: It seems to me / That yet we sleep, we dream. (IV. i. 192-3) A Midsummer Nights Dream weaves together three diverse worlds to create one consistent but essentially timeless universe. The two young sets of lovers are representative of the aristocratic court of ancient Athens, and as such are subject to the rules and conventions by which the court is governed. The rustic population of the Elizabethan English countryside is presented through the depiction of the mechanicals, of which Bottom is the most prominent character. These two diverse groups, with lifestyles, language and habits that differ wildly, find themselves subject to the same puissant force of fairyland and its representatives. This is a realm rooted in neither ancient Greece nor the Elizabethan era; it transcends the bounds of time. Oberon and Titania, who preside over this unworldly realm, are the parents and original of the spring, the summer, / The childing autumn, angry winter,(act II, scene I, lines 111-2); they also exercise complete control over the human mortals (II. i. 101). Thus two polarised social classes are united in this passage, as in the whole of A Midsummer Nights Dream, by the operations of the enchanted fairyland and its inhabitants. The passage Shakespeares comedy juxtaposes these representatives of such diverse social classes. The young aristocrats belong to a socially produced world of the court, over which Theseus presides as the paragon of order. In the lines preceding the selected passage, Theseus not only seeks to impose order, in the form of the social institution of marriage, upon the natural chaos of love outside the constraints of the court: For in the temple by and by with us / These couples shall eternally be knit (IV. i. 79-180); but he also dismisses the unworldly fairy kingdom in favour of the safe, explicable domain of the court: he did bid us follow to the temple. (IV. i. 195). Bottom, however, is subject to no such codes of conduct he is a rustic character who follows only his basic instincts. He is a weaver and a member of a class of tradesmen and manual labourers Hard-handed men that work in Athens here, / Which never laboured in their minds (V. I. 72), and as his name suggests, he occupie s a low social status. The juxtaposing of the different groups of characters in the passage from A Midsummer Nights Dream accentuates the chasm between the cultures of different social groups, and heightens the comedy of Bottoms responses when contrasted with the sophisticated language of the aristocrats to the same mystical circumstances. As would be expected, the status of each character in society determines his mode of speech. Bottom, as a low-status character, speaks in prose, a form usually reserved by the playwright for those of a low social standing. Throughout A Midsummer Nights Dream, Bottom, along with his fellow mechanicals, has been established as a clown-like figure of fun. The incident with the ass head, for example, indicates that Bottom is a comically absurd character, with little intellect: If I had enough wit to get out of this wood, I have enough to serve mine own turn, (III. i. 141-3). His frequent use of nonsensical banter: I pray you commend me to Mistress Squash, your mother, and to Master Peascod, your father (III. i. 178-9), ensures that he is portrayed as something of an idiot. It therefore comes as no surprise to the audience that his discourse, in which he seeks to make sense of the magical experience from which he has supposedly awoken, is muddled, confused and unfocused. The irrelevant references to the pageant due to be staged by the mechanicals: When my cue comes, call me, and I will answer. My next is most fair Pyramus. (IV. i) contrast to the composed, albeit slightly confused, responses of the young lovers, and compound Bottoms status as an unintelligent fool. Because he is uneducated Bottom tries, but fails, to articulate his feelings: Methought I was there is no man can tell what. Methought I was, and methought I had but man is but a patched fool if he will offer to say what methought I had. (IV. i. ). The only means by which he can gain full expression is through the inept and unprofessional staging of the labourers play (incidentally, a play that sits in sharp contrast to the well-written performance that the audience are now watching): I will get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream. It shall be called Bottoms Dream, because it hath no bottom, and I will sing it in the latter end of a play, before the Duke. (IV. i. ). In contrast, the verse of the young lovers is eloquent and flowing, with an imaginative expression which is entirely fitting for their social status. Demetrius words are poetic and laden with rich imagery: Like far off mountains turned into clouds (IV. i. 186-7), and the lines spoken by Helena, although referring to her emotional situation, allude to her material circumstances: I have found Demetrius like a jewel, / Mine own and not mine own. (IV. i. 191-1). Yet because the characters who speak these lines are less well-developed than Bottom, who is the most substantial persona in the play, the audience engages less with them than with Bottoms colloquial, endearing and accessible modes of expression. Lysander and Demetrius are little more than types with little complex characterisation; Helena and Hermia are more substantial characters, and Hermia in particular is possessed of some drive and energy: How low am I, thou painted maypole? Speak, How low am I? I am not yet so low But that my nails can reach unto thine eyes. III. ii. 297-9); but it is Bottom who wins the audiences favour because he is such a well-rounded character, and not limited to a mere embodiment of a particular theory or moral standpoint as Theseus is. He is a tangible person, made up of base and earthly instincts possessed by all mankind, and has the humour, albeit often unintended, to make the audience identify with him. Furthermore, he is privileged by his unique insight into the fairytale world inhabited by Titania and her fairies the only human in the play to be granted such an insight. The contrasts between these species of character their difference in language, the varying depths of characterisation and the general class divide make for a passage which is arresting in its dramatic presentation. When the fairy realm which has sustained both groups of characters for several acts is suddenly withdrawn, those who were once in its power are left confused and unsettled. Their experiences of the unworldly are compared to, indeed presumed to be, a dream: I have had a most rare vision. I have had a dream past the wit of man to say what dream it was. (IV. i. ). Shakespeare, through the enunciation of his characters, draws a subtle parallel between the evanescence of dreams, and that of love, which is a prominent theme of A Midsummer Nights Dream. The aristocrats voice an awareness of the inconstancy of love it is frail, temperamental and fickle: I wot not by what power- But by some power it is my love to Hermia, Melted as the snow, (MND, VI. i. 163-5). The already unst able force of love is even more vulnerable to change in the fairy kingdom, where there are few guides to behaviour. Away from the court, relationships are subject to mood or fancy rather than to any notions of proper behaviour: Tarry, rash wanton (II. i. 63), and so the fairy realm is not conducive to the settled human institution of marriage. Thus Theseus orders the removal of the couples to Athens, where order can once again reign over the disordered experience of love. The advantages of residing in the social world are made patent by setting exponents of this social world within an undomesticated and irresponsible fairy realm. In the comedic tradition, the stability that social institutions deliver is glorified. At the end of A Midsummer Nights Dream, all parties are seen to benefit from the institution of marriage; even the fairy king and queen, whose quarrel has lasted the entire length of the play, are reconciled at the end in a heterosexual harmony: Now thou and I are new in amity, (IV. I. 86). The conclusion of the play asserts mans concord with the world, and the neat union of different worlds: While these visions did appear; And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream A Midsummer Nights Dream challenges the audiences sense of imagination and perception by placing the intellectual and worldly realism of the court next to the mystical qualities of a fairy tale. It raises and explores the issues of love, reason, class, the place of art and the wisdom of social institutions, but ultimately Shakespeare leaves it to the audience to form their own judgements on these matters. The play carries a deep significance to man, as we are made to examine our own notions of truth and reality, notions that underpin all human interaction: The poets eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poets pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. (V. i. 12-17).

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socialization - Essay Example Symbolic meanings in symbolic interactionism refer to the way social interactions are interpreted within a given context. Roles are defined by each relationship within the context of the participants in that relationship. Therefore, the role of husband or wife may not necessarily be literally gender oriented as much as role specific. In this, way, relationships need not conform to traditional constructs; therefore there is no need for the traditional approach to marriage to ensure its success. A healthy marriage is dependent upon the extension of â€Å"me† in the role of â€Å"I†. In order for a person to make a healthy choice for marriage, four important concepts must be well defined within the individual: 1) the concept of knowing the self well, â€Å"me† - who I am, 2) the concept of what â€Å"me† means to the world around me, how â€Å"I† perform my roles, 3) knowing what I have to offer of myself to another individual, â€Å"I†, and 4) what I need to receive from another individual with regards to their performance of â€Å"me†, in order to feel accepted, connected, and valued in that relationship. ... This is the first step in preparation for choosing a marriage partner. Our socialization through the life cycle offers abundant feedback regarding who others perceive us to be. If we agree with that perception, then we continue in those roles; if we don’t agree, then we begin to investigate ways to change that might influence other’s perception of us. This kind of fine tuning takes on a heightened awareness as we move toward adulthood. Young people try on many roles before finding what’s comfortable for them. When we have arrived at a comfort level in whom we are as perceived by the world around us, then our roles are more established; from this springboard, we begin to search for fulfillment. The next step is in looking around to find another person with whom we can begin to relate on a close and personal level. The satisfaction of this basic need is not necessarily equally important for all individuals; however most find it a driving force in adulthood. Sociali zation in adulthood is largely defined by the interactions between associates in the workplace, peers, and significant others, comprising our continued growth and development along the human journey. The roles we assume in each area give us a chance to further define who â€Å"me† is. When â€Å"I† perform the role of â€Å"me†, then I am either attracted to or repelled by others. Often in relationships there is conflict between who â€Å"me† is because â€Å"I† am acting in a role where there is role strain and a sense of discomfort. Such conflicts usually surface in a negative way to also strain the relationships. It is only through careful communication and acceptance of that role by the significant other that the relationship can be saved while the relationship is in

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Advantages and Disadvantages of Making and Buying Assignment

Advantages and Disadvantages of Making and Buying - Assignment Example Advantages of using internal resources (making approach)Advantages of using internal resources (making approach)i) Complete controlThe use of internal resource in developing the new system gives the organization total control of the system. They are able to carry out internal factor analysis by surveying, classifying, exploring and appraising without external interference (Limaye, 2009).ii) Ownership of the software codeThe organization has full ownership of the software code and can be able to smoothly identify and carry out major updates while doing inner testing without written permission from an external entity (Doyle, 2008).iii) Tailored to unique needs of the businessThe organization can make a system that is unique to their business needs because in house production enables them to make core features thus ensuring longevity as well as running of the software (Limaye, 2009).  iv) In house production ensures easy identification of problems associated with the system and timely solutions.  Disadvantages of using internal resources (making approach)i) Development timeInternal development of software requires a lot of time from human resources of the organization. It is time consuming to develop complex solutions for multiple users (Doyle, 2008).ii) Training and supportIt requires that internal software developers be given specialized training services as well as support for them to be able to effectively work with the new system. The organization may not have resources and time to offer such training and support.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Astronomy - Essay Example b. what is the significance or importance of patterns or cycles in nature to the development of science? Patterns or cycles help science by predicting behavior of seasons, planet movement, and other aspects of our environment. The prediction of these seasons were vital to the survival of ancient people, and still help farmers today. Without these predictions humans would have no food. Astronomy helped ancient civilizations predict the seasons, create temples, invent astronomy and even create gods out of the sky. The practical uses were the making of a calendar to predict seasons. This helped with harvesting food, plan for harsh climates, and gave ancient civilizations a way to document time. 5. describe the apparent motions of the planets in the sky. The planets seem to have the apparent motions of back and forth depending on their orbit and the earth’s position. This proves that all the planets have their own orbits around the sun. 7. how did kepler first try to relate the spacing of the orbits of the planets? Why did kepler find this approach philosophically satisfying? Kepler felt that the spacing of the planet orbits was spiritual. The universe was built in God’s image. The sun was God the Father, the Earth the Son, and everything in between the Holy Spirit. Kepler felt science and religion could compliment each other. On February 4, 1600, Kepler met Tycho Brahe at Benà ¡tky nad Jizerou in Poland. This is where Tychos new observatory was being constructed. This observatory was for Tycho’s studies on Mars. Kepler’s political and religious troubles in Poland plagued the mutual work of Kepler and Tycho. "Since the divine benevolence has vouchsafed us Tycho Brahe, a most diligent observer, from whose observations the 8 error in this Ptolemaic computation is shown, it is fitting that we with thankful mind both acknowledge and honor this benefit of God... For if I had thought I could ignore

Friday, November 15, 2019

The History Of The Device Drivers Information Technology Essay

The History Of The Device Drivers Information Technology Essay In the Windows operating system, device drivers are fairly easy to understand and operate. The feature of Windows update makes installing device drivers simple and very user friendly. By default, Windows has a wide range of drivers already stored in the kernel that holds the foundation for device drivers. This list of drivers gets updated with every operating system release (Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows ) and with every service pack Windows puts out along with them (Windows XP Service Pack 1 and 2). Device drivers can work in two different modes in the Windows platform, kernel-mode and user-mode. Both have their advantages and disadvantages between the different modes. The biggest difference between the modes is the stability and performance speed. In kernel mode, there are no restrictions in access to the hardware and run faster than in user mode. This is because the driver communicates with the hardware directly in kernel mode rather than accessing the hardware using its corresponding API (Application Programming Interface) like in user mode. The downfall to kernel mode is when the device driver crashes; the computer will immediately crash as well. In user mode, the drivers do not have direct access to the hardware; instead, they rely on the devices API to delegate hardware access. While user mode device drivers operate at slower speeds than kernel mode drivers, a major advantage to user mode device drivers is that it is very crash tolerant. When the device driver crashes in u ser mode, it is always recoverable. Most modern device drivers operate in user mode except for video card drivers (most of the code needs to be kernel mode for top performance). The top two video card manufacturers in the industry right now are Nvidia and ATI. Both require separate drivers from their corresponding manufacturers. In a typical installation of an Nvidia video card driver, the driver come with mostly kernel mode code and a small amount of user mode code as well. The Nvidia Control Panel (after an Nvidia driver installation) is an example of the user mode code that Nvidia incorporates into their drivers. These drivers from the manufacturer are called, official drivers. There are other drivers out there for these manufacturers called, unofficial drivers. The most commonly known unofficial driver creator is known as Omega Drivers which, as described by their site, add more options to the drivers such as added resolutions. These drivers are marked as unofficial because they have not been approved by the manufacturers and it is recommended to use them at the users own risk. Sound drivers are required to provide the output of sound from your computer. Like video cards, there are two locations that a sound card can be. One place is called onboard sound, which is provided by the motherboard. This is most common location of sounds cards for laptops. The other location may be found on a PCI card slot, which is typically found on the back of a desktop computer. Popular onboard sound drivers and manufacturers are Realtek and SigmaTel. Popular PCI slot sound drivers and manufacturers are Creative Sound Blaster, Turtle Beach and ASUS. Unofficial drivers are also available online for these audio drivers. Network drivers are required for any kind of wireless or wired (Ethernet connected) device. For laptops, a wireless card typically comes standard. For desktops, a wireless PCI slot card or a wireless USB is required to get wireless connectivity. Most modern motherboards for laptops and desktops provide wired connectivity by manufacturers standards. Both the wireless and wired cards use completely separate drivers. In most cases, the wireless and wired cards are made by completely different manufacturers. For example, my Dell laptop wireless card is made by Dell and my wired card is made by Marvell Yukon. One of the biggest advantages to Windows 7 is the wide range of bare bone network drivers implemented into the kernel to enable the wireless or wired card to function. In previous Windows versions, such as Windows XP, you could not connect to the internet and get wireless/wired drivers unless you installed them via CD, USB or floppy disk. This problem was a constant annoyance for users upon which Windows 7 fixed. An important aspect of the motherboard that is important to have updated drivers for is the motherboards BIOS as it controls every single piece of hardware on a computer. Having the most recently updated BIOS for your motherboard is very beneficial because it fixes a lot of compatibility issues between the computers hardware devices. While the basic Windows update drivers may be good enough for basic level computer users, the more advanced users like to update to the latest drivers by the manufacturer to provide maximum compatibility and performance out of their devices. Sometimes when installing/updating these device drivers there are problems that can happen. One of the biggest common problems with updating drivers is that most users do not implement a full driver installation. There can be some compatibility problems when updating versions of drivers without properly uninstalling the driver fully and then installing the most updated driver. The reason full driver installation is important is because its less error prone than just to update a driver without uninstalling first. Another common problem is users installing device drivers from the wrong operating system architecture (x86, x64). If a user installs the drivers with the wrong architecture, typically, the installation screen will tell you that it is not compatible. If the installation screen doesnt inform a user, the user will definitely know because their device will no longer work. Therefore it is important to identify what kind of computer architecture your computer is because device drivers run differently on different architectures. Like hot fixes and patches, device drivers also secure your computers privacy by fixing security holes upon with hackers can take control and even disable various devices on a computer system. The security of device drivers and the security of the operating system come hand-in-hand meaning both play an equal role in the security of a computer system. The most security involved device that most computer users are worried about is the network device. Users should recognize that updating network device drivers is just as important as updating a routers firmware.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Trouble with Society :: essays papers

Trouble with Society The most troubling thing in our society today is how children treat each other. We try to teach our children to have high morals so they will be honest and kind when they become older. But how are our children acting when grownups are not around. Kids tend to classify each other by how rich their parents are and how well they dress. To a child who is classified as being poor the ridicule and constant teasing can be overwhelming possibly causing many psychological problems. Kids want a lot of things and as parents we would like to give those things to them. But a lot of the time we can't afford to. With the rising cost of living it is hard for some people to even put food on the table. With the price of designer label clothes being so high many people can only afford to shop at k-mart. To a child fashion is everything if you don't look cool than you will not be accepted by others. You will be teased and made fun of. I remember when I was in elementary school everybody had nike high top sneakers. Although my family was not poor my mother worked hard for her money and she didn't think it was necessary to pay fifty dollars for a pair of shoes I would probably ruin in a couple weeks. Well I was so embarrassed when I had to wear the shoes my mom picked up for me from k-mart's. I remember the other children laughing at me because I had a pair of cheap sneakers on. Children go through a lot growing up have to use their parents morals to battle today's social problems. Many things can effect a child's psychological behavior which in return effects the people around them. Let's look at the situation that occurred at Columbine High School in Colorado, two children who were social outcasts finally had enough of being teased and made fun of went to school and started shooting their peers. Maybe if they weren't teased like they were, for not dressing like everyone else or acting like the others, they would have never built up enough anger to do such a thing to other humans. For a child to have to grow up in a shack of a house with no heat or running water is a tragedy.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Case Study on School Safety

Case Study on School Safety Melissa Rookard EDD 520 January 24, 2010 Leslie Faught It is evident that schools' policies, programs, practices, physical structure, and teachers are factors internal to the school that determine school safety. These are the only factors that are internal to the school and within fairly complete control of schools. It is these factors that can be reformed and adapted to meet the end result of school safety. School safety is also determined to a very large extent by students, their criminal and other behaviors. Students in turn wear the dual hat of external and internal factors. They are external factors because they are part of the community and are internal factors because they are part of the school and can be disciplined to a certain extent through school policies. There was an incident at Horribly Heard Middle School in Dayton, Georgia. A young man names, Bruce, brought a gun to school and was taken into custody by the Dayton Police Department along with the help of the Department Juvenile Justice. There were many key players in locating the student to insure the school safety. A student was shown the gun and reported to his teacher, Mrs. Daisy. Mrs. Daisy in turn contacted her administrator and asked if he could come to the classroom. Mrs. Daisy, team leader, instructed her team to take the students to the library to check out books. Shortly after, they left an announcement came over the intercom that all students and teachers remain in class until told to dismiss. Teachers were instructed to read their e-mail immediately and follow the instructions laid out in the e-mail. All teachers had to take roll and report any missing children to the front office staff. Mrs. Daisy and her team stayed in the library and check their e-mail in the library. Administrator Bob, Principal Hope, and Resource Officer Life, came to the classroom to search Bruce and taken him into custody if the weapon was indeed on him. Two additional administrators stayed in front of the classroom to ensure no one came down the hall. Office Life took Bruce into custody and he was charged with weapons on school grounds. Once Bruce was taken off school grounds school ran as normally as possible. After school and the students were gone, the staff has an emergency faculty meeting. Principal Hope informed the faculty of the incident today and the student would not return back to school. Student was taken into Juvenile Justice Custody and no one was hurt. The student that told the teacher was also spoke to along with his parents in regards to the incident. They asked that he did not repeat was has happen to ensure students safety and parents concern. Students bring weapons to school more times than we are made aware. At HHMS, faculty and administration communicates well as was able to ensure school safety. Having students stay in the classroom or stopping all movements in the hallways is one way to keep order and asking faculty to take roll immediately and report any missing students via e-mail to front office staff is vital. I believe HHMS handle the situation to the best of their ability. School security is the most common type of activity that administrators should specifically set up to prevent disorder in the school. The most prevalent security strategy used throughout HHMS is various ways to monitor student and non-student movement within the school. The staff and administrators were primarily responsible for this task. To avoid a situation other types of security strategies could be used. Examples, are hiring special security personnel, use of metal detectors, and random searches. Schools should have two basic approaches to rules and procedures. The first approach are teachers tend to deal with all but the most serious discipline problems, including setting punishment and calling parents (if necessary). The second approach tends to deal with small infractions within the classroom and then refer students to an administrator for repeated or more serious infractions. The administrator was responsible for assigning punishment and contacting parents. Regardless of the approach, consistency of rule enforcement emerged as an important issue, especially among students. It is the role of the principal in setting the overall tone in a school when it came to discipline and enforcement of rules. School staff expressed more satisfaction if the principal set clear expectations, communicated regularly with staff, and gave them a voice in school issues.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Creating an Analysis Essay on Archeological Record

Creating an Analysis Essay on Archeological Record In our previous guide, we discussed 20 topics for an analysis essay on archaeological record along with a sample essay plus 10 facts on for an analysis essay on the archeological record and genre to provide you with insights into what topics you can write on and how an analysis essay should be written. In this final guide, creating an analysis essay on archaeological record, we discuss the format, methods and tactics which will help you compose a brilliant paper that’s admired by your professors. But before getting into the whatnots of how an analysis essay should be written, you should know that an analytical essay is not a summary. In theory it may be, but in practice, not so much so. In fact, an analysis essay is written in a way that tells a story about a specific subject and not just providing a summary of it. In simple words, you are answering the â€Å"how† of something. For example: how using certain metaphors adds value to poetry, or how certain themes present themselves in a certain story etc. Now let’s get into the nitty-gritty of how an analytical essay is outlined: The Basic Way to Write an Analytical Essay There are a number of handful ways to write an analytical essay. They all aim at doing the same thing, hence the basics remain the same, which are as follows: Introduction Body Conclusion Now let’s discuss all the basics listed above: The Introduction The best way to introduce your analysis to the reader is to ignite interest in reading further. You can do this by doing three things: Get them hooked from the start. Introduce your thesis statement. One or two sentences on how you will prove your thesis statement. How do you get a reader into reading further? It’s really simple: All you have to do is write something interesting and surprising like a rhetorical statement or question, mention a few statistics that are relevant, or maybe   make a controversial statement. Once you have got your reader interested in reading further, you will want to smack an impressive thesis statement right in their faces. To do this, be clear and concise and get to the point straight away. Afterwards, you want the reader to know how you’re going to provide evidence and prove your thesis statement ― be clear and briefly describe what the reader is in for. The Body This is the part where you can play with formatting and show the reader how creative and ingenious you are. However, keep yourself focused on what really matters. Here is what should be included in your body: Include a Strong Topic Sentence To make your writing stand out, interesting and easy to scan, you should include a â€Å"title sentence† right before a paragraph. It should talk about exactly what the paragraph contains which makes it easier for the reader to know what’s coming next. Introduce Your Claim Now it’s time to get your claim in front of the reader. You should break down your primary claim into several pieces, giving evidences for each part to make it more convincing rather than having the reader read the entire paragraph just to buy into your claim. Speaking of evidence; The Evidence You should always know that evidence is what gives weight to your claim. Remember to always include as much relevant information as you can to support your claim. Ensure that whenever you include any evidence, it ties with the title sentence, otherwise it would look more like a summary than an analysis. Finally, use effective transitions to keep your writing flowing seamlessly. Conclusion Once you’ve proven your point by backing it up with evidence and tying that evidence with your standout title sentence and you’re certain that the reader is convinced, it’s time to conclude your essay. What’s the best way to go about it? Briefly restate what you’ve written above and in different words than what you’ve written in the body. You can add a real-world example that correlates with your argument or add a quote, or paraphrased text on what you’ve just talked about. Final Words That’s it! All you need to do now is re-read your essay from a reader’s perspective and eliminate anything that seems out of place. Make sure your paper is free of errors and mistakes so that it looks like the work of a professional. There is no shame in borrowing a little online expertise and guidance. Don’t hesitate to use these guides as a reference in case you need to better polish off your essay. Cheers!

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Modular Arithmetics Essays - Algebra, Mathematics, Abstract Algebra

Modular Arithmetics Essays - Algebra, Mathematics, Abstract Algebra Modular Arithmetics MODULAR ARITHMETIC: Modular arithmetic can be used to compute exactly, at low cost, a set of simple computations. These include most geometric predicates, that need to be checked exactly, and especially, the sign of determinants and more general polynomial expressions. Modular arithmetic resides on the Chinese Remainder Theorem, which states that, when computing an integer expression, you only have to compute it modulo several relatively prime integers called the modulis. The true integer value can then be deduced, but also only its sign, in a simple and efficient maner. The main drawback with modular arithmetic is its static nature, because we need to have a bound on the result to be sure that we preserve ourselves from overflows (that can't be detected easily while computing). The smaller this known bound is, the less computations we have to do. We have developped a set of efficient tools to deal with these problems, and we propose a filtered approach, that is, an approximate computation using floating point arithmetic, followed, in the bad case, by a modular computation of the expression of which we know a bound, thanks to the floating point computation we have just done. Theoretical work has been done in common with , , Victor Pan and. See the bibliography for details. At the moment, only the tools to compute without filters are available. The aim is now to build a compiler, that produces exact geometric predicates with the following scheme: filter + modular computation. This approach is not compulsory optimal in all cases, but it has the advantage of simpleness in most geometric tests, because it's general enough. Concerning the implementation, the Modular Package contains routines to compute sign of determinants and polynomial expressions, using modular arithmetic. It is already usable, to compute signs of determinants, in any dimension, with integer entries of less than 53 bits. In the near future, we plan to add a floating point filter before the modular computation. Bibliography Explains basically the definition of modular arithmetic, and contents of it.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Competitive Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competitive Analysis - Essay Example Its cost only includes market research, advertising and promotion hence enabling the company to minimize on the cost of production. On the other hand, bottlers are provided by syrup by the concentrators’ where they then they mix it with sugar, treat with local water and carbonate it. Finally, they bottle it and then deliver it to the retailer. All these activities make the bottling business capital intensive as it requires high technology in production. Returns received by concentrate producers greatly differ from those received by the bottlers due to various reasons. The main factors as indicated in the above paragraph are the financial cost incurred by both companies (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2007). Bottlers for instance incurs low cost of production as it only concentrates mainly on advertising, market research and product development whereas bottlers activities involve investment of huge amount of capital as its main concern is to archive its main goal of improvement and mod ernization of the bottling lines which as a results requires high amount of capital (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2007). Secondly, the other cause of variance in returns is the availability of raw materials. The concrete producers require fewer raw materials hence its major spending is on purchase of cheap inputs like citric acid, natural flavors and also caffeine; on the other hand bottlers require large number of production materials. They invest in purchase of inputs such as packaging materials like cans, bottles and also sweeteners such as aspartame which prove to be expensive hence reducing their profitability as they are unable to reduce on the outflow of money (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2007). The returns received by bottlers are also less than those received by the concentrate producers due to the risk levels each of the company face. Concentrate producers are responsible for the brand promotion and also invest hugely on trademark to stimulate sales; on the other hand, bottlers have little risk in their operations as they already have an advantage i.e. have a famous name which is well known all over the world .This development provide them with stable returns and low risk (Bensoussan & Fleisher, 2008).

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Database Systems Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Database Systems Concepts - Essay Example In addition, RAM is usually much smaller in size, about two to three orders of magnitude being frequent. (A rig that I know of has 8 Gigs of RAM and 2 terabytes of hard drive space, and the owner has room to expand to over 5 terabytes, which is roughly a three order of magnitude difference). Scheduling is almost entirely unnecessary. There is a need to compare the RAM disk and the main memory disk-cache, but this doesn't affect the choice of a scheduling algorithm for the hard drive because they are totally different systems and because scheduling on the RAM disk is only looking for buffer cache misses not main memory requests. Hard-disk scheduling considerations are totally different. Hard disks are much larger and they are not read constantly, and the head positioning must jump in order to handle different reads. The file system does store recently used blocks in a buffer cache in main memory, but this is only a partial time-saving maneuver. Caches have finite sizes and need to be purged constantly; in any respect, no one sticks to only a few things in cache. They are constantly opening up new pages, documents and programs, which requires accessing different parts of the disk. This means that scheduling for hard-disk use is at a premium: Indeed, one of the main slowing forces in Moore's Law exponentiation is the relatively anemic growth of hard-drive scanning speeds versus the memory size of hard drives. Different hard disk scheduling regimes have different benefits. When designing a scheduling algorithm, it is important to bear in mind parameters of functionality. These include power consumption, throughput, response time, flexibility for the end-user, and other factors. Again, the cache can only do so much in mitigating these problems, so the choice of how to approach hard disk scheduling has many inherent tradeoffs. One approach is FCFS, or First Come First Served. In this algorithm, operations are conducted in the order requested. This is very simple and elegant in many ways. However, the problem is that not all functions are made equal: Some functions, like Ctrl-Alt-Delete on a Windows computer or dealing with security threats, need to be scanned first. FCFS therefore doesn't have the costs of reordering the work queue, but it doesn't have the benefits either. FCFS cannot have starvation: Every request is serviced. But the performance is poor: It doesn't distinguish between the importance of needs, nor does it have any smart geography. If a end user wants to run six programs from every different side of the disk, FCFS will go in order, crossing immense redundant space and thus leading to slowdown. SSTF, on the other hand, prioritizes geography of the desk. It goes to the closest location on the disk first, no matter what. Again, this has the problem that there is no discrimination for important tasks. Scan time is reduced, but starvation is possible: The head could stay in one sector of the disk for too long if too many requests co me in. Direction switches also slow things down. SCAN goes from the outside to inside then the inside to outside. This has the advantage of being a uniform pattern and reducing variance, but it does lead to a lot of unnecessary scans (though not more scan time) which can be a power consumption issue. LOOK is a bit smarter: It stops going a direction where no requests exist. C-SCAN and C-LOOK use cylinders instead of a simple directional approach. This has the adv

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Reflections of what happened in early childhood center of early Essay - 2

Reflections of what happened in early childhood center of early childhood education in NZ as in order 509071 - Essay Example I realize I need to learn how to help children resolve conflicts between children whether or not there is a parent present resolve conflicts Analyse: I have learned from my studies and my experiences that young children are very egocentric (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969). The think the world revolves around them and that they can get anything they want. Perhaps that may be true in their homes especially if they are pampered little children who have their parents at their beck and call but when they enter into another social system like joining a children’s centre, they become aware that there are other children like them who are likewise egocentric and that they need to adjust to each other. In doing so, they learn the basics of socialization, sometimes the hard way, such as the fight I witnessed between the two boys wanting the same toy. Although I know that the situation is an opportunity for me to help them learn sharing, I myself was unsure of what to do. Theorise: Play is a goo d avenue for children to learn how they should behave with others. Sharing is one thing they learn when they have prolonged interactions with other children. They also get to learn socially acceptable behavior like not hurting others and playing fair. Most importantly, they get to know themselves better- how they react to certain situations in the play setting. Te Whariki promotes these through its principle of Relationships and its strands of Mana Tangata (Contribution) and Mana Reo (Communication) (Nuttall, 2003). In terms of conflicts that usually ensue during play sessions, children need to learn how to resolve them on their own. However, as toddlers, they would need adults to help them out due to their lack of social and language skills. As they grow, they need to develop the confidence in managing their own conflicts. By having a healthy self-esteem, sound decision-making skills and emotional intelligence, children develop confidence in the management of conflicts. They also n eed to be cognitively capable of processing information in order to solve simple problems. Act: Whether there is a parent around or not, I should learn to help toddlers in conflict with each other. I may be able to provide them both with a toy they both like or introduce a new game altogether. I can also teach them to delay their gratification by waiting for their turn in playing with a toy they both want. I will give each one a toy and one child can play with the preferred toy while the other counts to 10 and at the count of 10, they can switch toys. Not only will they learn to rote count but they will get to enjoy both toys and learn to wait for their turns. Enjoining the parent who is parent to encourage both children to share is one thing I can also do. I will get to see how the parent reacts with my strategy and at the same time I can also get feedback if it works. Reference: Nuttall, J. (Ed.). (2003). Weaving Te Whariki: Aotearoa New Zealand &early childhood curriculum documen t in theory and practice.Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Â   Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969) The Psychology of the Child. New York: Basic Books Reflection 6 LEARNING OUTCOME: Describe: Each day during mat time is a time for the teachers to inculcate in the children their Maori culture. The teachers teach songs in Maori and English, let them count or teach colours in

Monday, October 28, 2019

Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music Essay Example for Free

Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music Essay The musical component of the medieval period is noted to have been one of the most important musical experiences in history. Every aspects of medieval music that have survived left legacies that deeply impact both the sacred and secular musical structure of today. Nonetheless, the music that permeated at that period has tangibly contributed in the musical heritage and tradition of present day society, most especially those of the Catholic Church. In this regard, it is therefore an imperative to look back on the historical overview of medieval music and its importance in the field of music as a whole. Medieval Music Medieval music is identified as the music that permeated in Europe during the middle or medieval ages. The said era covered the periods ranging from the Roman Empire’s fall and ascent of Gregory the Great to papacy, until approximately the early fifteenth century. This form of music excludes that of the Byzantine Empire, which is noted to have a separate development. Basically, medieval music is divided into two principal categories: the sacred and secular. As Christianity was a dominant force during the medieval era, entire musical style was developed in order to support it. Therefore, sacred music was either inspired or set by the biblical text. Sacred music was originally composed in order to pay homage to God. Unlike sacred music, secular music has not been observed early in the said period. Yet medieval secular music played a significant role during the medieval period as it was created for the purpose of its entertainment value such as for dance or expressing ones love, which deeply reflects the lifestyle during that era (â€Å"Medieval music: Birth of polyphony†). Early Medieval Sacred Music Chant The earliest body of song documented from the medieval period was the chant, which is sometimes referred to as plainchant or plainsong. Chant is a monophonic, or music with just one part, which has been the earliest form of music used by the Catholic church. The account of the nun Egeria from her pilgrimage to Jerusalem from circa 400 AD was noted as the earliest evidence of plainchant practice. The account includes descriptions pertaining to psalms and singing (Cyrus). The evolution of chant was accounted to various regional liturgies like the Roman, Gallican, Celtic, Ambrosian, Mozarabic and the likes. Likewise, the traditions of the Byzantine Church as well as the Jewish synagogue’s psalm singing were pointed as strong influences in the emergence of chants (â€Å"Medieval music†). Over the next years, the practice of chant continued to develop until it became an important component in the mass and office that is familiar among the students of the medieval church (Cyrus). It is noteworthy that the adaptation of chant in the liturgical practice was a result of the religious reforms spearheaded by Charlemagne, who perceived the church as an important body that would enable him to unify his empire. He then replaced the regional varieties of plainsong with a single unified version. According to biographers, approximately in the ninth century Charlemagne decided to ask for the supervision of Rome in order to have the doctrinally unified versions of the chant. The resultant liturgical practice is commonly known as the â€Å"Gregorian Chant,† which is acknowledged as the central musical tradition in Europe during the medieval period (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). Gregorian chant was named so in honor of Pope Gregory I, who is believed to have organized around 3,000 melodies for the Roman Catholic worship. Such form of chant interblend ancient melodies, coming from the oral traditions of sources like Greek, Hebraic and Eastern, with the early Christian churches liturgical prayers (Pen). It is believed that many of the Gregorian chants were written in the western monasteries during the reign of Charlemagne (â€Å"Medieval music†). The music of the church is divided into chants used for the mass and for the office. Chants for the mass are a combination of celebrating the word of God and the Holy Eucharist, while chants for the office or ordinary are those that are part of the churches daily services which includes psalms and prayers. The text that change daily are known as â€Å"proper,† while the stable texts which are repeated for most of the church services are tagged as â€Å"ordinary† (Cyrus n. p. ). Plainchant fuses text and tunes so as to function as a prayer, while the Latin text serves as the musical rhythm dictator in order for the text and tune to exactly correspond with each other. Normally, the melodic contour of such music is shaped by the words direction, which is set syllabically, making the text understandable. Other chants are also set in a melismatical manner where in â€Å"one syllable is sustained over several notes† for the purpose of ornamenting and emphasizing important syllables (Pen 119) and neumatic melodies where the music contains two to five notes for each syllable. Every service is embedded with a mixture of the said styles, making the liturgical action more dramatic (Cyrus). Notation The Carolingian cantors adapted almost four thousand chants every church year. In order to organize the imported chants they developed systems that organize the musical materials involved. As music during the early medieval period was not written down, the pressures of memorizing every song is perhaps the very reason why the Carolingian cantors created the system of notation. The system of church modes, wherein chants are classified according to their range, central pitch or final and melodic idioms were also developed. Alongside with the development of notation systems, liturgical books became widespread, regularizing the liturgical practice (Cyrus). Notation Improvements By the end of the ninth century until the 12th century both composers and performers created means for the liturgical process to prosper. Various feasts were developed alongside with new chants. Liturgical compositions from the past were copied through the use of a new system known as staff notation which was developed by Guido of Arezzo. Such notation was able to specify pitches of a melody through the combination of staff or set of horizontal lines and one or more clefs in order to identify the pitches of the chant. Guido also created a sightsinging system involving solmization, a process where pre-assigned syllables are used for certain pitches (Cyrus). Additionally, other improvements in the sacred medieval music were observed such as the polyphony. Early polyphony As plainchant was sung slowly and without rhythm or harmony, perhaps sacred composers grew weary of the chants and began experimenting with their music by adding musical lines in order to create harmony. This is known as polyphonic music, which gave birth to harmony. Around the end of ninth century, monastery singers like Switzerland’s St. Gall added voice in parallel motion to the chant, wherein they can sing in perfect musical intervals of the fourth and fifth together with the original tune. Such development is known as â€Å"organum,† which is considered as the beginning of â€Å"counterpoint,† an important feature of music where â€Å"two or more melodic strands occur simultaneously† (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). From then on, the organum developed into several ways. The â€Å"Florid organum† is one of the most significant forms of organum that was developed around 1100 in the south-west of France. Also referred to as the school of St. Martial, named after a monastery in France that is noted to have the best-preserved manuscripts of such musical style, â€Å"Florid organum† is incorporated within the chants in such a way that the original tune is being sung in long notes, while another voice would serve as an accompaniment by singing many notes to each of the original piece that is often done in â€Å"highly elaborate fashion† in order to further emphasize the perfect consonances of the music (â€Å"Medieval music†n. p. ). Middle Medieval Music Subsequent developments of the organum took place in England, specifically at Notre Dame in Paris, which is said to be the center of musical creativity all through the 13th century. The emergence of the Notre Dame School of Polyphony around 1150 until 1250 is said to be the vehicle for a more modernized form of the organum, and paved way for the beginning of â€Å"Ars Antiqua†Ã¢â‚¬â€a period in which rhythmic notation is recognized in the Western music; a period that greatly applies the method of rhythmic notation which is known as the rhythmic modes (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). Basically, Notre Dame organum employs three distinct rhythmic styles that adheres to the rhythmic modes: (1) â€Å"organum purum† wherein both upper and lower voice freely moves without a specific rhythm to follow, (2) â€Å"copula† which upper voice moves in accordance to a strict rhythm while the lower voice moves freely, and (3) â€Å"discant† wherein both the upper and lower voice follows a strict rhythm (Cyrus n. p. ). Also this period, the concept of formal structure emerged, allowing composers to become more attentive with proportions, architectural effects and musical texture. Composers of the said period created various musical forms such as the â€Å"clasulae,† melismatic (technique of placing several noted in a single syllable of text) parts of the organa are extracted and fitted with new wordings so as to improve musical elaboration; the â€Å"versus’ or the â€Å"monophonic conductus† has a structure known as strophic, wherein the music is repeated for each successive stanza of the liturgical reading or poetry; and the â€Å"trope† where new musical and textual materials are added to a pre-existing liturgical composition, most especially the introductory chants of the mass and the short chants of the ordinary. Trope singers, which are usually soloist, can come before, in the middle or after the host chant or choral; they simply amplify the meaning of the original composition. In some cases, tropes inject dialog and short interludes within the music; as such, they are though to be the forerunners in the field of liturgical drama which also emerged in this period (Cyrus n. p. ). â€Å"Sequence† also emerged during the era of liturgical consolidation in the medieval period. â€Å"Sequence† is identified as a separate form of choral composition that follows the Alleluia during mass. Credited to Notker Balbulus, sequence is a syllabic genre that contains irregular phrase lengths. In this type of chant genre, the musical lines normally contain one to four clauses, while the entirety of the music is often repeated before starting a new musical material (Cyrus n. p. ). The â€Å"motet† is profoundly one of the most significant forms of music created during the Middle Ages, specifically during the early parts of the Notre Dame period. Made out of the clausula, motet is focused on the usage of multiple voices, as stated by European composer, Perotin. Motet was further developed into a greater form of musical elaboration and sophistication during the 14th century which is noted as the era of â€Å"Ars Nova† (â€Å"Medieval Music†). Secular Music Although the plainchant was dominant in the sacred musical landscape of the middle age, other musical forms were used for the purpose of secular expression (Pen 119). Secular music existed in the shadow of secular music during the medieval period as most of the music scribes in this era were inclined in the creation of sacred music. Likewise, Medieval secular music was usually passed along orally and are rarely written down. As such, only limited number of composition has survived. Nonetheless, those existing copies of secular music serve as a vehicle for present day people to view the life at court in town during Middle Age. One of the earliest surviving music in secular form was accounted to the Goliards, who are wandering poet-musicians in Europe during the tenth until the mid-thirteenth century. Their secular compositions were consolidated in an early thirteenth century musical collection known as the â€Å"Carmina Burana. † However, due to the unclear notation, the reconstruction of the actual secular melodic sounds created by the Goliards was impossible, except for some pieces that have similarities with sacred music (Cyrus n. p. ). Most of the poetry created by the Goliards are secular in form, while some songs celebrate religious ideals and others are notably profane that tackles drunkenness, lechery as well as debauchery (â€Å"Medieval Music†). The secular music of the Troubadours of southern France and the Trouveres of the northern region are said to be the largest collection of secular music. The music created by the said groups are from their poems and utilized the vernacular tradition of monophonic secular music that are probably accompanied by varying instruments and performed by professionals ranging from skilled poets, singers and instrumentalists. Likewise, their poems have adopted the language of their regions—Troubadours used lyrics written in Occitan also referred to as old Provencal or langue d’oc while the Trouveres used old French or langue d’oil. The music of the Troubadours was complimentary with the cultural life of Provence. Typically, their music describes war, courtly love and chivalry. Troubadour musical period lasted through the twelfth century until the first decade of the thirteenth century. The abrupt end of the Troubadour period was accounted to the Albigensian crusade, a campaign spearheaded by Pope Innocent III, which aims to eliminate Albigensian heresy, thererby eliminating the whole civilization of the Troubadours. Troubadour survivors of the fierce campaign migrated to Spain, Northern France or Northern Italy, where their musical inclination is said to have contributed in the secular music tradition of the said places (â€Å"Medieval Music†). The music of the Trouveres, on the other hand, was similar to that of the Troubadours. However, they were unaffected by the extermination directed towards the Albigenses unlike the Troubadours, allowing their music to survive until the thirteenth century. Most of the 2,000 surviving songs of the Trouveres showed musical sophistication that deeply highlights the poems it accompanied. Other than the Goliards, Troubadours and Trouveres, vast numbers of secular songs were also composed by civilization such as the Minnesingers, who are said to be the German counterpart of the Troubadours and Trouveres, and the Flagellants, who were noted for the geisslelieder songs that aims to appease the anger and wrath of God through this penitential music along with the mortification of their bodies (â€Å"Medieval Music†).