Reflections of what happened in early childhood center of early Essay - 2

Reflections of what happened in early childhood center of early childhood education in NZ as in order 509071 - Essay Example I realize I need to learn how to help children resolve conflicts between children whether or not there is a parent present resolve conflicts Analyse: I have learned from my studies and my experiences that young children are very egocentric (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969). The think the world revolves around them and that they can get anything they want. Perhaps that may be true in their homes especially if they are pampered little children who have their parents at their beck and call but when they enter into another social system like joining a children’s centre, they become aware that there are other children like them who are likewise egocentric and that they need to adjust to each other. In doing so, they learn the basics of socialization, sometimes the hard way, such as the fight I witnessed between the two boys wanting the same toy. Although I know that the situation is an opportunity for me to help them learn sharing, I myself was unsure of what to do. Theorise: Play is a goo d avenue for children to learn how they should behave with others. Sharing is one thing they learn when they have prolonged interactions with other children. They also get to learn socially acceptable behavior like not hurting others and playing fair. Most importantly, they get to know themselves better- how they react to certain situations in the play setting. Te Whariki promotes these through its principle of Relationships and its strands of Mana Tangata (Contribution) and Mana Reo (Communication) (Nuttall, 2003). In terms of conflicts that usually ensue during play sessions, children need to learn how to resolve them on their own. However, as toddlers, they would need adults to help them out due to their lack of social and language skills. As they grow, they need to develop the confidence in managing their own conflicts. By having a healthy self-esteem, sound decision-making skills and emotional intelligence, children develop confidence in the management of conflicts. They also n eed to be cognitively capable of processing information in order to solve simple problems. Act: Whether there is a parent around or not, I should learn to help toddlers in conflict with each other. I may be able to provide them both with a toy they both like or introduce a new game altogether. I can also teach them to delay their gratification by waiting for their turn in playing with a toy they both want. I will give each one a toy and one child can play with the preferred toy while the other counts to 10 and at the count of 10, they can switch toys. Not only will they learn to rote count but they will get to enjoy both toys and learn to wait for their turns. Enjoining the parent who is parent to encourage both children to share is one thing I can also do. I will get to see how the parent reacts with my strategy and at the same time I can also get feedback if it works. Reference: Nuttall, J. (Ed.). (2003). Weaving Te Whariki: Aotearoa New Zealand &early childhood curriculum documen t in theory and practice.Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Â   Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969) The Psychology of the Child. New York: Basic Books Reflection 6 LEARNING OUTCOME: Describe: Each day during mat time is a time for the teachers to inculcate in the children their Maori culture. The teachers teach songs in Maori and English, let them count or teach colours in

Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music Essay Example for Free

Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music Essay The musical component of the medieval period is noted to have been one of the most important musical experiences in history. Every aspects of medieval music that have survived left legacies that deeply impact both the sacred and secular musical structure of today. Nonetheless, the music that permeated at that period has tangibly contributed in the musical heritage and tradition of present day society, most especially those of the Catholic Church. In this regard, it is therefore an imperative to look back on the historical overview of medieval music and its importance in the field of music as a whole. Medieval Music Medieval music is identified as the music that permeated in Europe during the middle or medieval ages. The said era covered the periods ranging from the Roman Empire’s fall and ascent of Gregory the Great to papacy, until approximately the early fifteenth century. This form of music excludes that of the Byzantine Empire, which is noted to have a separate development. Basically, medieval music is divided into two principal categories: the sacred and secular. As Christianity was a dominant force during the medieval era, entire musical style was developed in order to support it. Therefore, sacred music was either inspired or set by the biblical text. Sacred music was originally composed in order to pay homage to God. Unlike sacred music, secular music has not been observed early in the said period. Yet medieval secular music played a significant role during the medieval period as it was created for the purpose of its entertainment value such as for dance or expressing ones love, which deeply reflects the lifestyle during that era (â€Å"Medieval music: Birth of polyphony†). Early Medieval Sacred Music Chant The earliest body of song documented from the medieval period was the chant, which is sometimes referred to as plainchant or plainsong. Chant is a monophonic, or music with just one part, which has been the earliest form of music used by the Catholic church. The account of the nun Egeria from her pilgrimage to Jerusalem from circa 400 AD was noted as the earliest evidence of plainchant practice. The account includes descriptions pertaining to psalms and singing (Cyrus). The evolution of chant was accounted to various regional liturgies like the Roman, Gallican, Celtic, Ambrosian, Mozarabic and the likes. Likewise, the traditions of the Byzantine Church as well as the Jewish synagogue’s psalm singing were pointed as strong influences in the emergence of chants (â€Å"Medieval music†). Over the next years, the practice of chant continued to develop until it became an important component in the mass and office that is familiar among the students of the medieval church (Cyrus). It is noteworthy that the adaptation of chant in the liturgical practice was a result of the religious reforms spearheaded by Charlemagne, who perceived the church as an important body that would enable him to unify his empire. He then replaced the regional varieties of plainsong with a single unified version. According to biographers, approximately in the ninth century Charlemagne decided to ask for the supervision of Rome in order to have the doctrinally unified versions of the chant. The resultant liturgical practice is commonly known as the â€Å"Gregorian Chant,† which is acknowledged as the central musical tradition in Europe during the medieval period (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). Gregorian chant was named so in honor of Pope Gregory I, who is believed to have organized around 3,000 melodies for the Roman Catholic worship. Such form of chant interblend ancient melodies, coming from the oral traditions of sources like Greek, Hebraic and Eastern, with the early Christian churches liturgical prayers (Pen). It is believed that many of the Gregorian chants were written in the western monasteries during the reign of Charlemagne (â€Å"Medieval music†). The music of the church is divided into chants used for the mass and for the office. Chants for the mass are a combination of celebrating the word of God and the Holy Eucharist, while chants for the office or ordinary are those that are part of the churches daily services which includes psalms and prayers. The text that change daily are known as â€Å"proper,† while the stable texts which are repeated for most of the church services are tagged as â€Å"ordinary† (Cyrus n. p. ). Plainchant fuses text and tunes so as to function as a prayer, while the Latin text serves as the musical rhythm dictator in order for the text and tune to exactly correspond with each other. Normally, the melodic contour of such music is shaped by the words direction, which is set syllabically, making the text understandable. Other chants are also set in a melismatical manner where in â€Å"one syllable is sustained over several notes† for the purpose of ornamenting and emphasizing important syllables (Pen 119) and neumatic melodies where the music contains two to five notes for each syllable. Every service is embedded with a mixture of the said styles, making the liturgical action more dramatic (Cyrus). Notation The Carolingian cantors adapted almost four thousand chants every church year. In order to organize the imported chants they developed systems that organize the musical materials involved. As music during the early medieval period was not written down, the pressures of memorizing every song is perhaps the very reason why the Carolingian cantors created the system of notation. The system of church modes, wherein chants are classified according to their range, central pitch or final and melodic idioms were also developed. Alongside with the development of notation systems, liturgical books became widespread, regularizing the liturgical practice (Cyrus). Notation Improvements By the end of the ninth century until the 12th century both composers and performers created means for the liturgical process to prosper. Various feasts were developed alongside with new chants. Liturgical compositions from the past were copied through the use of a new system known as staff notation which was developed by Guido of Arezzo. Such notation was able to specify pitches of a melody through the combination of staff or set of horizontal lines and one or more clefs in order to identify the pitches of the chant. Guido also created a sightsinging system involving solmization, a process where pre-assigned syllables are used for certain pitches (Cyrus). Additionally, other improvements in the sacred medieval music were observed such as the polyphony. Early polyphony As plainchant was sung slowly and without rhythm or harmony, perhaps sacred composers grew weary of the chants and began experimenting with their music by adding musical lines in order to create harmony. This is known as polyphonic music, which gave birth to harmony. Around the end of ninth century, monastery singers like Switzerland’s St. Gall added voice in parallel motion to the chant, wherein they can sing in perfect musical intervals of the fourth and fifth together with the original tune. Such development is known as â€Å"organum,† which is considered as the beginning of â€Å"counterpoint,† an important feature of music where â€Å"two or more melodic strands occur simultaneously† (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). From then on, the organum developed into several ways. The â€Å"Florid organum† is one of the most significant forms of organum that was developed around 1100 in the south-west of France. Also referred to as the school of St. Martial, named after a monastery in France that is noted to have the best-preserved manuscripts of such musical style, â€Å"Florid organum† is incorporated within the chants in such a way that the original tune is being sung in long notes, while another voice would serve as an accompaniment by singing many notes to each of the original piece that is often done in â€Å"highly elaborate fashion† in order to further emphasize the perfect consonances of the music (â€Å"Medieval music†n. p. ). Middle Medieval Music Subsequent developments of the organum took place in England, specifically at Notre Dame in Paris, which is said to be the center of musical creativity all through the 13th century. The emergence of the Notre Dame School of Polyphony around 1150 until 1250 is said to be the vehicle for a more modernized form of the organum, and paved way for the beginning of â€Å"Ars Antiqua†Ã¢â‚¬â€a period in which rhythmic notation is recognized in the Western music; a period that greatly applies the method of rhythmic notation which is known as the rhythmic modes (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). Basically, Notre Dame organum employs three distinct rhythmic styles that adheres to the rhythmic modes: (1) â€Å"organum purum† wherein both upper and lower voice freely moves without a specific rhythm to follow, (2) â€Å"copula† which upper voice moves in accordance to a strict rhythm while the lower voice moves freely, and (3) â€Å"discant† wherein both the upper and lower voice follows a strict rhythm (Cyrus n. p. ). Also this period, the concept of formal structure emerged, allowing composers to become more attentive with proportions, architectural effects and musical texture. Composers of the said period created various musical forms such as the â€Å"clasulae,† melismatic (technique of placing several noted in a single syllable of text) parts of the organa are extracted and fitted with new wordings so as to improve musical elaboration; the â€Å"versus’ or the â€Å"monophonic conductus† has a structure known as strophic, wherein the music is repeated for each successive stanza of the liturgical reading or poetry; and the â€Å"trope† where new musical and textual materials are added to a pre-existing liturgical composition, most especially the introductory chants of the mass and the short chants of the ordinary. Trope singers, which are usually soloist, can come before, in the middle or after the host chant or choral; they simply amplify the meaning of the original composition. In some cases, tropes inject dialog and short interludes within the music; as such, they are though to be the forerunners in the field of liturgical drama which also emerged in this period (Cyrus n. p. ). â€Å"Sequence† also emerged during the era of liturgical consolidation in the medieval period. â€Å"Sequence† is identified as a separate form of choral composition that follows the Alleluia during mass. Credited to Notker Balbulus, sequence is a syllabic genre that contains irregular phrase lengths. In this type of chant genre, the musical lines normally contain one to four clauses, while the entirety of the music is often repeated before starting a new musical material (Cyrus n. p. ). The â€Å"motet† is profoundly one of the most significant forms of music created during the Middle Ages, specifically during the early parts of the Notre Dame period. Made out of the clausula, motet is focused on the usage of multiple voices, as stated by European composer, Perotin. Motet was further developed into a greater form of musical elaboration and sophistication during the 14th century which is noted as the era of â€Å"Ars Nova† (â€Å"Medieval Music†). Secular Music Although the plainchant was dominant in the sacred musical landscape of the middle age, other musical forms were used for the purpose of secular expression (Pen 119). Secular music existed in the shadow of secular music during the medieval period as most of the music scribes in this era were inclined in the creation of sacred music. Likewise, Medieval secular music was usually passed along orally and are rarely written down. As such, only limited number of composition has survived. Nonetheless, those existing copies of secular music serve as a vehicle for present day people to view the life at court in town during Middle Age. One of the earliest surviving music in secular form was accounted to the Goliards, who are wandering poet-musicians in Europe during the tenth until the mid-thirteenth century. Their secular compositions were consolidated in an early thirteenth century musical collection known as the â€Å"Carmina Burana. † However, due to the unclear notation, the reconstruction of the actual secular melodic sounds created by the Goliards was impossible, except for some pieces that have similarities with sacred music (Cyrus n. p. ). Most of the poetry created by the Goliards are secular in form, while some songs celebrate religious ideals and others are notably profane that tackles drunkenness, lechery as well as debauchery (â€Å"Medieval Music†). The secular music of the Troubadours of southern France and the Trouveres of the northern region are said to be the largest collection of secular music. The music created by the said groups are from their poems and utilized the vernacular tradition of monophonic secular music that are probably accompanied by varying instruments and performed by professionals ranging from skilled poets, singers and instrumentalists. Likewise, their poems have adopted the language of their regions—Troubadours used lyrics written in Occitan also referred to as old Provencal or langue d’oc while the Trouveres used old French or langue d’oil. The music of the Troubadours was complimentary with the cultural life of Provence. Typically, their music describes war, courtly love and chivalry. Troubadour musical period lasted through the twelfth century until the first decade of the thirteenth century. The abrupt end of the Troubadour period was accounted to the Albigensian crusade, a campaign spearheaded by Pope Innocent III, which aims to eliminate Albigensian heresy, thererby eliminating the whole civilization of the Troubadours. Troubadour survivors of the fierce campaign migrated to Spain, Northern France or Northern Italy, where their musical inclination is said to have contributed in the secular music tradition of the said places (â€Å"Medieval Music†). The music of the Trouveres, on the other hand, was similar to that of the Troubadours. However, they were unaffected by the extermination directed towards the Albigenses unlike the Troubadours, allowing their music to survive until the thirteenth century. Most of the 2,000 surviving songs of the Trouveres showed musical sophistication that deeply highlights the poems it accompanied. Other than the Goliards, Troubadours and Trouveres, vast numbers of secular songs were also composed by civilization such as the Minnesingers, who are said to be the German counterpart of the Troubadours and Trouveres, and the Flagellants, who were noted for the geisslelieder songs that aims to appease the anger and wrath of God through this penitential music along with the mortification of their bodies (â€Å"Medieval Music†).

Wireless Sensing and Control of a Dam

Wireless Sensing and Control of a Dam Introduction CE 1.1 I did this project as a graduate Electrical Engineering while pursuing my Bachelor of Engineering in the field of Electrical Engineering from Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Balochistan. I wanted to conduct a project that would envelop wireless sensing and thus wanted to learn about different electrical activities that would be needed and thus learn about its design and how to implement it. I was able to improve my written and oral presentation skills as well as my interpersonal skills by the successful completion of this project. Background CE 1.2 For my final project as an undergraduate in electrical engineering, I wanted to start working on a project in my second year itself. I wanted to learn about the different and commonly used electrical/electronic components, the working mechanism and the implementation in complex projects. This motivated me to conduct a project that could control a mechanism remotely. And thus I got the idea of wireless sensing of a dam. I had studied during my bachelors that sensing in the Oil and Gas industry is becoming very important. I had learned that regular sensing of data is required that are extracted from the process execution, such as Oil Reservoir Tanks need a pressure breathe valve control and level sensing for the proper daily operations of their machinery, Thus, I concurred that in Water Reservoir Dams where regular recording of water level is required for accurate discharging of water through channels. And it is due to this reason that I selected the Wireless Sensing Control of Dam for my project. CE 1.3 The objective of my project is to design a system, which can sense level, and flow rate of a water reservoir dam, it can also control the channel gates wirelessly. CE 1.4 CE 1.5 I successfully completed this project by engaging in the following activities: For the purpose of Level sensing, I used a small tank for the implementation and presentation of the prototype. The maximum height of the tank to be measured is 16 inches and the minimum height is 8 inches. For channel gate controlling, I used a system that contains a solenoid valve which is an electromechanically operated valve for the flow of water to be switched on or off. For wireless control, I equipped the remote stations with sensors as well as a wireless module to send and receive the information. The range of the wireless module is limited to 10m. I equipped the base station with a GUI software that is user-friendly. I then mechanically designed the sensor to operate in all weather conditions. I completed the project within the time frame specified by the university. I conducted detailed literature review on all the components used here. Personal Engineering Activity CE 1.6 I approached a senior professor with an idea of conducting a project with wireless sensing. Along with my group members, I had a lot of brainstorming sessions and review meetings with my project supervisor to select a suitable topic. I suggested that I work on a project that was concerned with designing and manufacturing a system based on wireless sensing and regulating the process of water present in the dam and the supervisor agreed to this and asked us to begin working on this by first conducting a literature review on all the components we would require and the working of this project and to start working on this project. CE 1.7 I used the following components in this project and have explained the reasons why: For level sensing, I equipped my system with MAXBOTIX LV-EZ1 ultrasonic transducer that transmit and receive the ultrasonic radiations that are being reflected back from the surface of the liquid. I selected this model because it is a very low cost sonar ranger; it is also reliable and could be triggered internally or externally. To release water in the channel, I used a solenoid valve which was the only option I had. The microcontroller that I used in the remote station is ATmega16A. I selected this microcontroller because it is a low power 8-bit microcontroller allowing me to optimize power consumption against processing speed. The signal is then transmitted to the RN-41N CLASS 1 Bluetooth module to be transmitted wirelessly. I selected this model because it is cheap and relatively easy to operate. I used a DC power supply of 3-3.6V. The computer interface controller is equipped with MAX232 for serial communication and an internal Bluetooth device which is installed in the laptop for wireless communication. I used the MAX232 circuit because it is a dual driver/receiver and I found that it is valuable for implementing RS-232 in devices that generally dont bother with any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V extend, as power supply design does not need to be made more confused only to drive the RS-232 in this situation. I used the Development board called AVR-P-40 which supports Atmel ATmega16A controller. It is compatible with ICSP 52 pin connector for in-circuit programming. I used ULN 2003 Darlington arrays to withstand peak currents of 600mA. I designed the Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 with C # for user interface. I selected an aquarium shape tank for the project. However, this alternative was very difficult and also had some problems because it was quite complex to put the ultrasonic level sensor inside the tank and calibrate it. Thus, I came across with the development of another mechanical design and observed that there was an apparatus present in the laboratory of the civil engineering department that would work as a prototype of a dam. The working of this prototype would be: The data from the remote station is received by the base station. The base station consists of a wireless Bluetooth receiver and a computer interface controller. The wireless Bluetooth receiver will detect the data coming from the remote station which is treated to the computer interface controller. The computer interface controller will save the data to a flash drive and also to a computer which can be analyzed using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) The data coming from the remote station is detected by the wireless receiver which is treated to the noise filter circuit to eliminate noise from the signal. The data decoder decodes the incoming data and removes any errors from this data. This information is send to the computer interface controller. The remote station is consisting of two major parts: The Main board and wireless controller.ÂÂ   The sensor attached to the main board is Ultrasonic level Sensor. This sensor will relay the information to the main board and is used to control all the sensor information which will be transferred to the wireless controller to send the data wirelessly to the base station. The data from the sensor is directly sent to the microcontroller which is being processed by it to be transmitted in the form of digital bits. The ULN 2003 is connected to drive the solenoid valve which is normally closed. If the Level increases from its threshold level, the solenoid valve will open automatically and releases the pressure. When the pressure drops back to the threshold, the valve will be closed automatically. The power to all the circuit is connected to the +12 volt DC. After the data is sensed by the sensor, it will be transmitted through a wireless transceiver operating at frequency 2400 MHz. The wireless controller consists of transmitter, power amplifier, control signal receiver and data encoder. The data coming from the sensor is treated to the data encoder and sent to the transmitter. The control signal receiver also operates at 2400 MHz which is used to activate the data encoder to send data to the transmitter module. The power amplifier is used to support larger coverage by increasing the transmitting power CE 1.8 The problems I encountered during this project were: I had difficulty with the lengthy procedure to record data which is significant for the project. I offered the idea of installing a dot-matrix printer which will give readings in a hard copy regarding the inflow, discharge and temperature of water. For the project to run effectively, constant data recording was needed, which was a complex task. I came up with a key to solve this issue by recording the data in a flash memory which has the ability to save standard information of the parameters in a soft copy and will be accessible anytime, anywhere. I had problems to check the level of water density in concern with the threshold level. It was quiet a risky task to open the regulator when the density of water is high. In order to resolve this problem, I suggested the management with the system design that will operate the channel gate regulator automatically without labor involvement in order to avoid the risk element. Summary CE 1.9 I successfully completed the project titled Wireless Sensing and Control of a Dam along with my team members. I learned how to wirelessly sense and control a prototype of a dam and studied and learned about all the electrical/electronic equipment that I used in this project. I completed this project by taking the help of the Civil Engineering Laboratory and the technicians in the lab. I was able to improve my written, oral and interpersonal skills.

James Joyce and the advent of Viagra Essay -- Sports, Olympics, Sex Ve

The Olympics are an international competition event for summer sports and winter sports that happen every 2 years. It was originally an event created for men to compete in various sports. However, women were allow to participate in the early 1900s due to the increasing number of female athletes. After female athletes started to participate in the Olympic games, the question of gender identification arose. People fear that males may masquerade as females and have an unfair advantage over other participants in women-only events. To prevent this from happening, the International Olympic Commitee (IOC) started sex verification to test the participant’s sex. The question of sex verification in women’s sports started in 1936, when a Polish journalist accused the American gold medallist in 100m track and field of being a man. Helen Stephen, the gold medallist who broke the 100m record of track legend Stella Walsh was a 6 foot tall female athlete.(Carlson, 2005). Her size brought up the questions about the definition of femininity. Ironically, when Stella Walsh was found dead in an accident it was discovered that she had ambiguous genitalia and abnormal sex chromosomes. Another stunning case which prompted developing the sex verification protocol involved an athlete named Hermann Ratjen in the mid 1950s (Carlson, 2005). Ratjen admitted that he was persuaded to masquerade as a female in an Olympic event in 1936. He hid his genitals and used a fake name, â€Å"Dora,† to compete in the women high jump event. Although he set a world record in 1938 and definitely had some advantages over other female participants, he only came in at fourth place in 1936. This case made a lot of people question the sexuality of some Eastern Bloc competitors. ... ...discriminating. Due to all the human right issues and Semenya’s privacy, her test result was never released to the public and she is able to continue her sports career (Swarr,Gross & Theron, 2009). After all, sex testing is not a reasonable way to identify masquerading men, it only puts female athletes in trouble. The only case of masquerading is Hermann Ratjen, and apparently he did not even win the competition. Sex testing is discriminatory and inaccurate while it is time and money consuming. It puts a number of female athletes with genetic disorders in a nightmare situation. Luckily, Maria Patino and Caster Semenya were re-qualified in the end. We can only conclude that sex testing is simply a black and white method to categorize male and female, but this world has more than male and female. Sex testing underestimates the complexity of the human structure. James Joyce and the advent of Viagra Essay -- Sports, Olympics, Sex Ve The Olympics are an international competition event for summer sports and winter sports that happen every 2 years. It was originally an event created for men to compete in various sports. However, women were allow to participate in the early 1900s due to the increasing number of female athletes. After female athletes started to participate in the Olympic games, the question of gender identification arose. People fear that males may masquerade as females and have an unfair advantage over other participants in women-only events. To prevent this from happening, the International Olympic Commitee (IOC) started sex verification to test the participant’s sex. The question of sex verification in women’s sports started in 1936, when a Polish journalist accused the American gold medallist in 100m track and field of being a man. Helen Stephen, the gold medallist who broke the 100m record of track legend Stella Walsh was a 6 foot tall female athlete.(Carlson, 2005). Her size brought up the questions about the definition of femininity. Ironically, when Stella Walsh was found dead in an accident it was discovered that she had ambiguous genitalia and abnormal sex chromosomes. Another stunning case which prompted developing the sex verification protocol involved an athlete named Hermann Ratjen in the mid 1950s (Carlson, 2005). Ratjen admitted that he was persuaded to masquerade as a female in an Olympic event in 1936. He hid his genitals and used a fake name, â€Å"Dora,† to compete in the women high jump event. Although he set a world record in 1938 and definitely had some advantages over other female participants, he only came in at fourth place in 1936. This case made a lot of people question the sexuality of some Eastern Bloc competitors. ... ...discriminating. Due to all the human right issues and Semenya’s privacy, her test result was never released to the public and she is able to continue her sports career (Swarr,Gross & Theron, 2009). After all, sex testing is not a reasonable way to identify masquerading men, it only puts female athletes in trouble. The only case of masquerading is Hermann Ratjen, and apparently he did not even win the competition. Sex testing is discriminatory and inaccurate while it is time and money consuming. It puts a number of female athletes with genetic disorders in a nightmare situation. Luckily, Maria Patino and Caster Semenya were re-qualified in the end. We can only conclude that sex testing is simply a black and white method to categorize male and female, but this world has more than male and female. Sex testing underestimates the complexity of the human structure.

The Host Chapter 39: Worried

Perfect, I grumbled to myself. Just perfect. Ian was coming to join me for lunch, a big smile glued into place on his face. Trying to cheer me up†¦ again. I think you're overdoing the sarcasm lately, Melanie told me. I'll keep that in mind. I hadn't heard from her much in the past week. Neither of us was good company right now. It was better if we avoided social interaction, even with each other. â€Å"Hey, Wanda,† Ian greeted me, hopping up onto the counter beside me. He had a bowl of tomato soup in one hand, still steaming. Mine was beside me, cooled and half full. I was toying with a piece of roll, ripping it into tiny pieces. I didn't answer him. â€Å"Oh, come on.† He put his hand on my knee. Mel's angry reaction was lethargic. She was too used to this kind of thing to really work up a good fit anymore. â€Å"They'll be back today. Before sunset, without a doubt.† â€Å"You said that three days ago, and two days ago, and again yesterday,† I reminded him. â€Å"I have a good feeling about today. Don't sulk-it's so human,† he teased. â€Å"I'm not sulking.† I wasn't. I was so worried I could barely think straight. It didn't leave me energy to do anything else. â€Å"This isn't the first raid Jamie's gone on.† â€Å"That makes me feel so much better.† Again with the sarcasm. Melanie was right-I really was overusing it. â€Å"He's got Jared and Geoffrey and Trudy with him. And Kyle's here.† Ian laughed. â€Å"So there's no way they'll get into any trouble.† â€Å"I don't want to talk about it.† â€Å"Okay.† He turned his attention to his food and let me stew. Ian was nice that way-always trying to give me what I wanted, even when what I wanted was unclear to either of us. His insistent attempts to distract me from the present anxiety excepted, of course. I knew I didn't want that. I wanted to worry; it was the only thing I could do. It had been a month since I'd moved back into Jamie and Jared's room. For three weeks of that time, the four of us had lived together. Jared slept on a mattress wedged above the head of the bed where Jamie and I slept. I'd gotten used to it-the sleeping part, at least; I was having a hard time sleeping now in the empty room. I missed the sound of two other bodies breathing. I hadn't gotten used to waking up every morning with Jared there. It still took me a second too long to return his morning greeting. He was not at ease, either, but he was always polite. We were both very polite. It was almost scripted at this point. â€Å"Good morning, Wanda, how did you sleep?† â€Å"Fine, thank you, and you?† â€Å"Fine, thanks. And†¦ Mel?† â€Å"She's good, too, thanks.† Jamie's constant state of euphoria and his happy chattering kept things from becoming too strained. He talked about-and to-Melanie often, until her name was no longer the source of stress it had once been when Jared was present. Every day, it got a little bit more comfortable, the pattern of my life here a little bit more pleasant. We were†¦ sort of happy. Both Melanie and I. And then, a week ago, Jared had left for another short raid-mostly to replace broken tools-and taken Jamie with him. â€Å"You tired?† Ian asked. I realized I was rubbing at my eyes. â€Å"Not really.† â€Å"Still not sleeping well?† â€Å"It's too quiet.† â€Å"I could sleep with you-Oh, calm down, Melanie. You know what I meant.† Ian always noticed when Melanie's antagonism made me cringe. â€Å"I thought they were going to be back today,† I challenged. â€Å"You're right. I guess there's no need for rearranging.† I sighed. â€Å"Maybe you should take the afternoon off.† â€Å"Don't be silly,† I told him. â€Å"I've got plenty of energy for work.† He grinned as though I'd said something that pleased him. Something he'd been hoping I would say. â€Å"Good. I could use some help with a project.† â€Å"What's the project?† â€Å"I'll show you-you finished there?† I nodded. He took my hand as he led me out of the kitchen. Again, this was so common that Melanie barely protested. â€Å"Why are we going this way?† The eastern field did not need attention. We'd been part of the group that had irrigated it this morning. Ian didn't answer. He was still grinning. He led me down the eastern tunnel, past the field and into the corridor that led to only one place. As soon as we were in the tunnel, I could hear voices echoing and a sporadic thud, thud that it took me a moment to place. The stale, bitter sulfur odor helped link the sound to the memory. â€Å"Ian, I'm not in the mood.† â€Å"You said you had plenty of energy.† â€Å"To work. Not to play soccer.† â€Å"But Lily and Wes will be really disappointed. I promised them a game of two-on-two. They worked so hard this morning to free up the afternoon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don't try to make me feel guilty,† I said as we rounded the last curve. I could see the blue light of several lamps, shadows flitting in front of them. â€Å"Isn't it working?† he teased. â€Å"C'mon, Wanda. It will be good for you.† He pulled me into the low-ceilinged game room, where Lily and Wes were passing the ball back and forth across the length of the field. â€Å"Hey, Wanda. Hey, Ian,† Lily called to us. â€Å"This one's mine, O'Shea,† Wes warned him. â€Å"You're not going to let me lose to Wes, are you?† Ian murmured. â€Å"You could beat them alone.† â€Å"It would still be a forfeit. I'd never live it down.† I sighed. â€Å"Fine. Fine. Be that way.† Ian hugged me with what Melanie thought was unnecessary enthusiasm. â€Å"You're my very favorite person in the known universe.† â€Å"Thanks,† I muttered dryly. â€Å"Ready to be humiliated, Wanda?† Wes taunted. â€Å"You may have taken the planet, but you're losing this game.† Ian laughed, but I didn't respond. The joke made me uneasy. How could Wes make a joke about that? Humans were always surprising me. Melanie included. She'd been in just as miserable a mood as I was, but now she was suddenly excited. We didn't get to play last time, she explained. I could feel her yearning to run-to run for pleasure rather than in fear. Running was something she used to love. Doing nothing won't get them home any faster. A distraction might be nice. She was already thinking strategy, sizing up our opponents. â€Å"Do you know the rules?† Lily asked me. I nodded. â€Å"I remember them.† Absently, I bent my leg at the knee and grabbed my ankle behind me, pulling it to stretch out the muscles. It was a familiar position to my body. I stretched the other leg and was pleased that it felt whole. The bruise on the back of my thigh was faded yellow, almost gone. My side felt fine, which made me think that my rib had never really been broken. I'd seen my face while I was cleaning mirrors two weeks ago. The scar forming on my cheek was dark red and as big as the palm of my hand, with a dozen jagged points around the edges. It bothered Melanie more than it did me. â€Å"I'll take the goal,† Ian told me, while Lily fell back and Wes paced beside the ball. A mismatch. Melanie liked this. Competition appealed to her. From the moment the game started-Wes kicking the ball back to Lily and then sprinting ahead to get around me for her pass-there was very little time to think. Only to react and to feel. See Lily shift her body, measure the direction this would send the ball. Cut Wes off-ah, but he was surprised by how fast I was-launch the ball to Ian and move up the field. Lily was playing too far forward. I raced her to the lantern goalpost and won. Ian aimed the pass perfectly, and I scored the first goal. It felt good: the stretch and pull of muscle, the sweat of exertion rather than plain heat, the teamwork with Ian. We were well matched. I was quick, and his aim was deadly. Wes's goading dried up before Ian scored the third goal. Lily called the game when we hit twenty-one. She was breathing hard. Not me; I felt good, muscles warm and limber. Wes wanted another round, but Lily was done. â€Å"Face it, they're better.† â€Å"We got hustled.† â€Å"No one ever said she couldn't play.† â€Å"No one ever said she was a pro, either.† I liked that-it made me smile. â€Å"Don't be a sore loser,† Lily said, reaching out to tickle Wes's stomach playfully. He caught her fingers and pulled her closer to him. She laughed, tugging away, but Wes reeled her in and planted a solid kiss on her laughing mouth. Ian and I exchanged a quick, startled glance. â€Å"For you, I will lose with grace,† Wes told her, and then set her free. Lily's smooth caramel skin had taken on a bit of pink on her cheeks and neck. She peeked at Ian and me to see our reaction. â€Å"And now,† Wes continued, â€Å"I'm off to get reinforcements. We'll see how your little ringer does against Kyle, Ian.† He lobbed the ball into the far dark corner of the cave, where I heard it splash into the spring. Ian trotted off to retrieve it, while I continued to look at Lily curiously. She laughed at my expression, sounding self-conscious, which was unusual for her. â€Å"I know, I know.† â€Å"How long has†¦ that been going on?† I wondered. She grimaced. â€Å"Not my business. Sorry.† â€Å"It's okay. It's not a secret-how could anything be a secret here, anyway? It's just really†¦ new to me. It's sort of your fault,† she added, smiling to show that she was teasing me. I felt a little guilty anyway. And confused. â€Å"What did I do?† â€Å"Nothing,† she assured me. â€Å"It was Wes's†¦ reaction to you that surprised me. I didn't know he had so much depth to him. I was never really aware of him before that. Oh, well. He's too young for me, but what does that matter here?† She laughed again. â€Å"It's strange how life and love go on. I didn't expect that.† â€Å"Yeah. Kind of funny how that happens,† Ian agreed. I hadn't heard him return. He slung his arm around my shoulders. â€Å"It's nice, though. You do know Wes has been infatuated with you since he first got here, right?† â€Å"So he says. I hadn't noticed.† Ian laughed. â€Å"Then you're the only one. So, Wanda, how about some one-on-one while we're waiting?† I could feel Melanie's wordless enthusiasm. â€Å"Okay.† He let me have the ball first, holding back, hugging the goal area. My first shot cut between him and the post, scoring. I rushed him when he kicked off, and got the ball back. I scored again. He's letting us win, Mel grumbled. â€Å"Come on, Ian. Play.† â€Å"I am.† Tell him he's playing like a girl. â€Å"Playing like a girl.† He laughed, and I slipped the ball away from him again. The taunt wasn't enough. I had an inspiration then, and I shot the ball through his goal, guessing it would probably be the last time I got to do it. Mel objected. I don't like this idea. I'll bet it works, though. I put the ball back at center field. â€Å"You win, and you can sleep in my room while they're gone.† I needed a good night's rest. â€Å"First to ten.† With a grunt, he launched the ball past me so hard that it rebounded off the distant, invisible wall behind my goal and came back to us. I looked at Lily. â€Å"Was that wide?† â€Å"No, it looked dead center to me.† â€Å"One-three,† Ian announced. It took him fifteen minutes to win, but at least I got to really work. I even squeezed in one more goal, of which I was proud. I was gasping for air when he stole the ball from me and sailed it through my goalposts for the last time. He wasn't winded. â€Å"Ten-four, I win.† â€Å"Good game,† I huffed. â€Å"Tired?† he asked, the innocence in his tone a bit overdone. Being funny. He stretched. â€Å"I think I'm ready for bed myself.† He leered in a melodramatic way. I winced. â€Å"Aw, Mel, you know I'm joking. Be nice.† Lily eyed us, mystified. â€Å"Jared's Melanie objects to me,† Ian told her, winking. Her eyebrows rose. â€Å"That's†¦ interesting.† â€Å"I wonder what's taking Wes so long?† Ian muttered, not taking much notice of her reaction. â€Å"Should we go find out? I could use some water.† â€Å"Me, too,† I agreed. â€Å"Bring some back.† Lily didn't move from where she was half sprawled on the floor. As we entered the narrow tunnel, Ian threw one arm lightly around my waist. â€Å"You know,† he said, â€Å"it's really unfair for Melanie to make you suffer when she's angry at me.† â€Å"Since when are humans fair?† â€Å"Good point.† â€Å"Besides, she'd be glad to make you suffer, if I'd let her.† He laughed. â€Å"That's nice about Wes and Lily, don't you think?† he said. â€Å"Yes. They both seem very happy. I like that.† â€Å"I like it, too. Wes finally got the girl. Gives me hope.† He winked at me. â€Å"Do you think Melanie would make you very uncomfortable if I were to kiss you right now?† I stiffened for a second, then took a deep breath. â€Å"Probably.† Oh, yes. â€Å"Definitely.† Ian sighed. We heard Wes shouting at the same time. His voice came from the end of the tunnel, getting closer with each word. â€Å"They're back! Wanda, they're back!† It took me less than a second to process, and then I was sprinting. Behind me, Ian mumbled something about wasted effort. I nearly knocked Wes down. â€Å"Where?† I gasped. â€Å"In the plaza.† And I was off again. I flew into the big garden room with my eyes already searching. It wasn't hard to find them. Jamie was standing at the front of a group of people near the entrance to the southern tunnel. â€Å"Hey, Wanda!† he yelled, waving. Trudy held his arm as I ran around the edges of the field, as if she were holding him back from running to meet me. I grabbed his shoulders with both hands and pulled him to me. â€Å"Oh, Jamie!† â€Å"Did ya miss me?† â€Å"Just a tiny bit. Where is everyone? Is everyone home? Is everyone okay?† Besides Jamie, Trudy was the only person here who was back from the raid. Everyone else in the little crowd-Lucina, Ruth Ann, Kyle, Travis, Violetta, Reid-was welcoming them home. â€Å"Everyone's back and well,† Trudy assured me. My eyes swept the big cave. â€Å"Where are they?† â€Å"Uh†¦ getting cleaned up, unloading†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I wanted to offer my help-anything that would get me to where Jared was so I could see with my own eyes that he was safe-but I knew I wouldn't be allowed to see where the goods were coming in. â€Å"You look like you need a bath,† I told Jamie, rumpling his dirty, knotted hair without letting go of him. â€Å"He's supposed to go lie down,† Trudy said. â€Å"Trudy,† Jamie muttered, giving her a dark look. Trudy glanced at me quickly, then looked away. â€Å"Lie down†¦?† I stared at Jamie, pulling back to get a good look at him. He didn't seem tired-his eyes were bright, and his cheeks flushed under his tan. My eyes raked over him once and then froze on his right leg. There was a ragged hole in his jeans a few inches above his knee. The fabric around the hole was a dark reddish brown, and the ominous color spread in a long stain all the way to the cuff. Blood, Melanie realized with horror. â€Å"Jamie! What happened?† â€Å"Thanks, Trudy.† â€Å"She was going to notice soon enough. C'mon, we'll talk while you limp.† Trudy put her arm under his and helped him hop forward one slow step at a time, keeping his weight on his left leg. â€Å"Jamie, tell me what happened!† I put my arm around him from the other side, trying to carry as much of his weight as I could. â€Å"It's really stupid. And totally my fault. And it could have happened here.† â€Å"Tell me.† He sighed. â€Å"I tripped with a knife in my hand.† I shuddered. â€Å"Shouldn't we be taking you the other way? You need to see Doc.† â€Å"That's where I'm coming from. That's where we went first.† â€Å"What did Doc say?† â€Å"It's fine. He cleaned it and bandaged it and said to go lie down.† â€Å"And have you walk all this way? Why didn't you stay in the hospital?† Jamie made a face and glanced up at Trudy, like he was looking for an answer. â€Å"Jamie will be more comfortable on his bed,† she suggested. â€Å"Yeah,† he agreed quickly. â€Å"Who wants to lie around on one of those awful cots?† I looked at them and then behind me. The crowd was gone. I could hear their voices echoing back down the southern corridor. What was that about? Mel wondered warily. It occurred to me that Trudy wasn't a much better liar than I was. When she'd said the others from the raid were unloading and cleaning up, there was a false note to her voice. I thought I remembered her eyes flickering to the right, back toward that tunnel. â€Å"Hey, kid! Hey, Trudy!† Ian had caught up to us. â€Å"Hi, Ian,† they greeted him at the same time. â€Å"What happened here?† â€Å"Fell on a knife,† Jamie grunted, ducking his head. Ian laughed. â€Å"I don't think it's funny,† I told him, my voice tight. Melanie, frantic with worry in my head, imagined slapping him. I ignored her. â€Å"Could happen to anybody,† Ian said, planting a light punch on Jamie's arm. â€Å"Right,† Jamie muttered. â€Å"Where's everybody?† I watched Trudy from the corner of my eye as she answered him. â€Å"They, uh, had some unloading to finish up.† This time her eyes moved toward the southern tunnel very deliberately, and Ian's expression hardened, turned enraged for half a second. Then Trudy glanced back at me and caught me watching. Distract them, Melanie whispered. I looked down at Jamie quickly. â€Å"Are you hungry?† I asked him. â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"When aren't you hungry?† Ian teased. His face was relaxed again. He was better at deception than Trudy. When we reached our room, Jamie sank gratefully onto the big mattress. â€Å"You sure you're okay?† I checked. â€Å"It's nothing. Really. Doc says I'll be fine in a few days.† I nodded, though I was not convinced. â€Å"I'm going to go clean up,† Trudy murmured as she left. Ian propped himself against the wall, going nowhere. Keep your face down when you lie, Melanie suggested. â€Å"Ian?† I stared intently at Jamie's bloody leg. â€Å"Do you mind getting us some food? I'm hungry, too.† â€Å"Yeah. Get us something good.† I could feel Ian's eyes on me, but I didn't look up. â€Å"Okay,† he agreed. â€Å"I'll be back in just a second.† He emphasized the short time. I kept my gaze down, as if I were examining the wound, until I heard his footsteps fade. â€Å"You aren't mad at me?† Jamie asked. â€Å"Of course not.† â€Å"I know you didn't want me to go.† â€Å"You're safe now; that's all that matters.† I patted his arm absentmindedly. Then I got to my feet and let my hair, now chin length, fall forward to hide my face. â€Å"I'll be right back-I forgot something I wanted to tell Ian.† â€Å"What?† he asked, confused by my tone. â€Å"You'll be okay here by yourself?† â€Å"Course I will,† he retorted, sidetracked. I ducked out around the screen before he could ask anything else. The hall was clear, Ian out of sight. I had to hurry. I knew he was already suspicious. He'd noticed that I'd noticed Trudy's awkward and artificial explanation. He wouldn't be gone long. I walked quickly, but didn't run, as I moved through the big plaza. Purposeful, as if I were on an errand. There were only a few people there-Reid, headed for the passageway that led to the bathing pool; Ruth Ann and Heidi, paused by the eastern corridor, chatting; Lily and Wes, their backs to me, holding hands. No one paid me any attention. I stared ahead as if I were not focused on the southern tunnel, only turning in at the very last second. As soon as I was in the pitch-black of the corridor, I sped up, jogging along the familiar path. Some instinct told me this was the same thing-that this was a repeat of the last time Jared and the others had come home from a raid, and everyone was sad, and Doc had gotten drunk, and no one would answer my questions. It was happening again, whatever I wasn't supposed to know about. What I didn't want to know about, according to Ian. I felt prickles on the back of my neck. Maybe I didn't want to know. Yes, you do. We both do. I'm frightened. Me, too. I ran as quietly as I could down the dark tunnel.

Role of a Leader in Change Process

Role of a Leader in Change Process The changing nature of the working environment in different organizations makes it important to have special leaders who are capable of convincing the rest of the workers to adapt to the changes. Individuals who are identified as leaders are expected to possess various qualities that enable them to influence change. A leader must be a person who can be trusted by the rest of the organization in initiating positive changes and ensuring that processes are carried out effectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of a Leader in Change Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leader of a change process analyzes the events that have been part of the history of an organization by looking at what caused them and their possible effects. By so doing, he is able to assist the organization to avoid repeating past mistakes in the future. Leaders do not only know what happens in the organization but are well informed of t he current trends. They consider the political and social issues that surround the organization and how these factors affect the change process. They have deep understanding of the causes of changes and respond to questions from other members of the organization. They provide solutions to problems facing by the rest of the organization members to make them feel part of the change process (Caeron Green, 2007). Responsibility of Leaders and HR managers in a Change Project Leaders and HR managers have different responsibilities in a change project. The first responsibility they have is that of analyzing the performance required in the change project. They have a responsibility of addressing internal and external players and stakeholders who are likely to affect the change project. Change projects are influenced by stakeholders from within and outside the organization. Some stakeholders may not be willing to support the change project hence they are likely to influence it negatively. I t is therefore the responsibility of leaders and HR managers to have quantitative knowledge of the team effort that will produce the highest level of success (ADB, n.d) The second responsibility of leaders and HR managers in a change project is identifying the priorities required to improve the performance of the teams. It is obvious that the success of the change project cannot be achieved through the effort of the leaders and HR managers alone. They need the efforts of other members of the organization in order for them to work as a team. The leaders and HR managers should have clear knowledge of the procedures being undertaken in the change project for them to have a vision of the direction being taken by the project.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third responsibility leaders and HR managers have in a change project is the assessment of the ability of part icipants in a change project to change. This responsibility is tied with the responsibility of assessing how the team involved in a change project is able to learn new skills. This is important for leaders and HR managers because a change project basically requires that the team members be able to adapt to new behaviors. Organization Tactics to Ensure Success in Change Process For change to be effectively implemented in an organization, certain tactics are important. The first tactic that is important in implementing change is for the organization to develop a communication plan. It is not possible for an organization to be involved in so much communication during a change initiative. A communication plan is important since it guides the organization throughout the process by communicating critical aspects of the process effectively. The second tactic that can be used by the organization in implementing change process is to predict the reactions of change. Changes are often accompan ied by varied reactions and an organization that predicts the reactions early enough is well prepared to deal with them. The third tactic an organization can use to implement the change process is to understand and make a plan of dealing with resistance. This will ensure that the organization is not caught unaware by resistance accompanying change (Biech, 2007). Reference List ADB. (n.d). Leadership and Change Management. Available from  https://www.adb.org/ . Biech, E. (2007). Tactics of Successful Change Manageent. Retrieved from web Caeron, E., Green, M. (2007). Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools and. London: Kogan Page Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of a Leader in Change Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Ligation essays

Ligation essays The court system was derived to pass laws and settle disputes. With the rapid growth of population a strong judicial system is needed to maintain stability in our country. In this essay I am going to discuss the methods of mediation. I will explain the purpose of mediation, as well as the procedures and advantages. Following I will explain the civil litigation process from the state level through the Supreme Court. Which court makes what decision and what the plaintiff and defendant can do about it. The Equal Employment Opportunity (EEOC) is dedicated to use different means to obtain resolution for disputes. Methods in which can cost tax payers substantial less, than a conventional trail. This gives parties a chance to stat their claims without the expensive lawyer fees and lengthy court appearance. Mediation is a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution that is offered by the United State. Mediation is the process where a neutral party aids two opposing parties in the resolution of a dispute. The Mediation is voluntary among the disputing parties. This process ultimately gives the opposing parties a chance to discuss all factors to obtain an arrangement or a speedy compromise. This course of action is confidential; the information does not get disclosed to any other parties outside the plaintiff and defendant. According to the EEOC initially a representative will contact the employee and empower concerning their participation in the program. If both parties agree, a mediation session will be conducted. Parties will have a representative with the authority to resolve the problem. If one or both of the two parties needs formal representative, one well be appointed to them. This fairness is clearly an advantage in this costly process. If the mediation method is not a success, charg es will be investigated in accordance to the law. Here is some advantage of Mediation that arrived from the EEOC web site. ...

Psychological Effects in Patients after Laser Vision Correction

Psychological Effects in Patients after Laser Vision Correction Introduction The importance of vision is huge indeed for the vast majority of people: the way of how people can see influences considerably human skills, abilities, intentions, and behaviour. In case a person is not able to observe the world around, it is hard to define the main priorities and interests because having good vision is considered to be overwhelming.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Psychological Effects in Patients after Laser Vision Correction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the last several decades, people get an access to use appropriate medical treatment and improve their health with the help of different surgeries. One of the most frequent and effective is regarded to be laser eye surgery, also known as laser vision correction, or LASIK (Jendritza, Knorz, Morton 2007, p. 274). In many European countries as well as in the United States of America and some countries of South Americ a, the professionals find it very important to contribute the sphere of laser vision correction and provide patients with a possibility to look at the world in a different way and see everything clearly. Leach et al. (2006) admit that â€Å"millions of patients have undergone refractive surgical correction over the last few decades radical keratotomy (RK), photorefractive keratectomy (PPK), laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and lesser performed procedures such as LASEK (epilasik)† (p. 131). A variety of the existed surgeries to improve human vision is impressive indeed, and the outcomes of such activities have a number of positive impacts on human life. In this paper, much attention is paid to the psychological factors which are observed after laser vision correction and influence a person’s life. Improved lifestyle, re-evaluated quality of life, and constant intentions to get more from this life are considered to be the outcomes observed after laser vision correct ion procedures. People who undergo laser surgeries may gain confidence about what they are doing and thinking, change their mood, and become free from the duties they have to do day by day. From a pure psychological perspective, the impact of laser vision correction is important indeed: those people who lose their hope to see everything around clearly are provided with a chance to improve the quality of their lives, to get an access to various possibilities, and to prove that their achievements deserve attention and recognition.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Very often positive outcomes from a psychological side are more important for people than those of medial perspective. The Reasons of why People Agree for Laser Vision Correction Nowadays a number of women and men are eager to try an eye surgery to make their dream come true and to abandon their glasses or contact lenses (Segal 1995). To understand the idea of psychological effects on a person’s life after the vision correction procedure, it is crucially important to underline the reasons which made a person accept an idea of such procedure, evaluate the expectations, and focus on both primary and secondary studies in order to identify what is already known in the field and what has to be discovered. In the chosen theme, there are many issues which are properly disclosed and evaluated; primary studies help to define the advantages of laser vision surgery. However, during the process of evaluation, it has been noticed that some factors are still missing. For example, only few researchers focus their attention on negative outcomes of vision correction (Consumer Reports 2009), much information remains to be unknown to the patients (Fiordo 2009), and the vast majority of results are based on the experiments conducted within a certain group of people. What is missing in the chosen s tudy is the necessity to evaluate all aspects of poor vision, the backgrounds which cause vision problems, and physical conditions of patients. In some chosen investigations, the authors make a decision to investigate vision problems of older people (Kulmala et al. 2008), and Bailey et al. (2003) take into consideration gender difference between patients. Still, in most cases, attitudes to laser surgery are positive, and the reader is in need for thorough investigations and ideas to get a clear picture of laser vision correction and its psychological factors.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Psychological Effects in Patients after Laser Vision Correction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a rule, the main reason of why so many people select laser vision correction is the necessity to improve their health and deprive themselves of the necessity to use glasses or contact lenses on a daily basis. So much tim e and money are usually spent by people to improve their vision; however, the outcomes are not always satisfactory. Carol Lewis (2001) investigates the backgrounds of LASIK and admits that people want to â€Å"minimize their dependency on glasses or contact lenses† with the help of offered correction procedures (p. 25). Due to the current technological progress and opportunities in medicine, people usually expect their vision being even better than the one they have while wearing lenses or glasses. However, the professionals inform that it is wrong to expect such improvements from the surgery and it is better to be ready to observe fewer vision changes still full independence from lenses and glasses (Dufour 2003). This is why to overcome psychological challenges after laser vision surgery, it is necessary to comprehend the main purposes of the procedure and to realize what may be expected from laser intervention and what may not. In the vast majority of ideas, assistance of p rofessional psychologists is missing, this is why it is possible to believe that the psychological readiness for after surgery outcomes is not as perfect as it could be with professional assistance. The ideas of Rosanne Colosi (2003) help to identify that more than 1.5 million Americans undergo laser vision surgeries in order to correct their nearsightedness, astigmatism, farsightedness, and other vision problems (p.64). Though it is hard to understand what people actually expect from such surgeries, still, they are ready to try something new and take a step to changes their lifestyle. The main flaw in such studies is the fact that people are ready to change the quality of their vision but not ready to all those psychological changes and challenges in future. This is why a new study has to consider different aspects of surgeries, and professional psychologists should be the centre of the investigations.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Life before and after Laser Vision Correction Current technologies make the laser vision correction procedure safer and less painful: with the help of appropriate diagnostic tools and ophthalmologists’ advancements (Ciccolella 2007, p. 77), medical staff is able to guarantee the patient successful outcomes and vision improvement. To gain positive psychological mood after the laser vision correction surgery, a person may evaluate his/her life before the procedure and define what he/she wants to do having good vision. For example, those people who cannot drive a car with glasses may easily pass the drivers’ test without glasses after an appropriate surgery on eyes. Studies show that about 98% of people with laser vision correction pass successfully the tests and enjoy of driving their cars (Spindel 1998, p. 38). This is why the psychological factors which influence human decision to pass through the surgery and improve their vision are all about making personal dreams co me true and dependence on personal desires only. Laser vision correction presupposes several changes in a human life. Improvements may be observed every morning when a person opens his/her eyes. People who have poor vision and are in need of glasses or lenses can enjoy the very first seconds of the day as the picture they see is dim and unclear. People who take the laser vision correction surgery are able to open their eyes and enjoy every moment of a day. Though this approach is more philosophical, it is still urgent for the vast majority of people. At the same time, 94,2% of patients who undergo eye surgeries admit that their lives become better: their relations with other people improve considerably, their productivity levels show high rates, and their vision is improved so that it is high time to forget about glasses and lenses (Brown et al. 2009, p. 645). Psychological Perspective in Laser Vision Correction It has been already mentioned that the success of laser vision correcti on depends considerably on how patients and medical workers define possible outcomes and succeed in preoperative steps (Farid Steinert 2009, p. 253). Still, the investigations in the chosen field are not as thorough and definite as they should be: not many people are eager to share their experience and achievements several years after the surgery. Long-term results of LASIK or other type of eye surgery are not identified or at least not clear, and people are afraid to worsen their vision with time (Fiordo 2009, p. 142). For example, one the one hand, the studies in the article from Consumer Reports (2009) inform that 55% of patients under investigations have to continue wearing glasses or contact lenses even after they undergo laser vision correction. But on the other hand, at the end of the experiment offered by Bailey et al. (2003), 97% of the patients under analysis make a decision to recommend the same procedure to other people including their family and friends as the results of the surgery are more than successful. Psychological researches help to evaluate the sphere of visual correction and recognize the debates regarding visual problems and after-surgery outcomes. Taking into consideration personal interviews, questionnaires, and discussions, it is possible to identify that in spite of loud and frequently mentioned positive aspects of surgery, there are still negative consequences which may influence human behaviour and cooperation with other people around. This is why after the surgery, it is possible to observe changes in motivation (people are eager to change as many things in their life as possible), perception of the reality (even if the quality of glasses and contact lenses is high, there is still a difference of how the world looks like when a person observes it without lenses), personal attitude to everything around (even if a person looks at the mirror without glasses, there is still a possibility to discover something new inside), and, final ly, the necessity to re-evaluate the chosen lifestyle appears (healthy food to provide the organism with the necessary vitamins, new haircut to underline some face lines, etc). The history of laser therapy is not new (Munnerlyn 2003; Sakimoto, Rosenblatt, Azar 2006), still, the outcomes of laser vision correction surgery seem to be impressive indeed. Quality of Life after Vision Correction In spite of the fact that some researchers prove that visual problems are more inherent to old people (Dhital, Pey, Stanford 2010), various chances in visual components may be notices among young people who prefer to spend much time in front of their computers or TVs and find the Internet as the only reliable source of information. Current youth can hardly imagine their life without PC or other technology that considerably influence their vision. It is not a surprise to clear up that more than 30% of patients who are eager to improve their vision with the help of laser correction are people befo re 30. Young people want to forget about the necessity to use glasses day by day or to take care of contact lenses but enjoy the life and make use of possibilities. So, the vast majority of people find the idea of laser vision correction as a rather effective and interesting first step to improve the quality of life. McGhee et al. (2000) introduce captivating data on how laser surgery may influence the life: more than 97% of patients are satisfied with fast visual improvements; more than 93% of people are satisfied as they managed to meet the goals set by the surgery; and more than 97% believe that the quality of their life is improved (p. 508). Quality of life is not easy to change and, what is more important, improve. Still, it is necessary to take the first step and make sure that there are some backgrounds to rely on. It is possible to use eye surgery as an integral motive in life and believe that if a person is able to look at the world independently without glasses or contact lenses, there are many other aspects which may undergo changes. Variety of Ways of how People Perceive the Life One of the evident psychological changes that may be observed in people who undergo laser vision operation is the perceived quality of vision and life. The point is that those people who had poor vision realize what they can lose in case and be deprived of. When they have a chance to improve their vision, they appreciate such possibility as no one else and try to take as much as possible from life. Quality of life increases, more professional and personal goals are achieved, and laser surgery proves that its impact on human life is great. Kulmala et al. (2008) investigate how vision may become a predictor of mortality and prove that lower vision may correlate mortality in some cases. Visual problems should not bother young people and become a kind of message of coming death or other health problems. If a person has a chance to improve vision with no pain and challenges, it is better to use it and forget about the problems. Some tests, evaluation of eye movement (Wiggins et al. 2007), and measurement of visual acuity should be considered before the last decision is made. Lifestyle and Possible Improvements Made by People after Laser Vision Correction The idea to use laser surgery and improve vision is supported by the psychological factor that helps to change personal lifestyle. A person should understand that the success in life is certainly predetermined by the chosen lifestyle, and it is necessary to change mindset and do what is wanted. Lifestyle cannot be defined in one or two sentences; it is unique for every person; it is obligatory and significant part of life; this is why it is hard to investigate. Lifestyle is the way of how person is confident in personal steps and ideas. It happen that glasses or contact lenses distort the reality, and a new look that is not biased by lenses helps to realize what is wrong. Improved lifestyle is the most pl easant outcome of laser vision correction, and if person manages to achieve some changes, the success of eye surgery is justified. Conclusion Laser vision correction is considered to be one of the most exciting advancements in ophthalmology (Lewis 1998, p.32). It is not only a kind of medical intervention that aims at improving health and vision. It is a chance to evaluate the life from a new perspective and achieve good results in personal and professional fields. People have to be provided with appropriate medical care and psychological support to be ready to change of lifestyle as well as some other psychological changes in life. The above-discussed researches are powerful indeed, still, some perspectives remain to be mission, this is why the need of a new properly organized study where psychological aspect is evaluated is evident and has a number of powerful grounds to be conducted soon. Reference List Bailey, MD, Mitchell, GL, Dhaliwal, DK, Wachler, BS, Zadnik, K 2003, ‘ Patient satisfaction and visual symptoms after laser in situ keratomileusis’, Ophthalmology, vol. 110, no. 7, pp. 1371-1378. Brown, MC, Schallhorn, SC, Hettinger, KA, Malady, SE 2009, ‘Satisfaction of 13,655 patients with laser vision correction at 1 month after surgery’, Journal of Refractive Surgery, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 642-646. Ciccolella, C 2007, ‘Laser vision correction’, Vision Monday, vol.21, no. 6, pp. 77. Colosi, R 2003, ‘I can see clearly now’, Dance Spirit, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 64+. Dhital, A, Pey, T, Stanford, MR 2010, ‘Visual loss and falls: a review’, Eye, vol. 24, pp. 1437-1446. Dufour, R 2003, ‘Leading Edge’, Journal of Staff Development, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 71+. Farid, M Steinert, RF 2009, ‘Patient selection for monovision laser refractive surgery’, Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 251-254. Fiordo, R 2009, ‘Symbolic mediation of experience, communication, and general semantics: in praise of clearing mediated clouds’, Review of General Semantics, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 142+. Jendritza BB, Knorz, MC, Morton, S 2008, ‘Wavefront-guided excimer laser vision correction after multifocal IOL implantation’, Journal of Reflective Surgery, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 274-279. Kulmala, J, Era, P, Rantanen, T, Heikkinen, E 2008, ‘Visual acuity and mortality in older people and factors on the pathway’, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 128-134. ‘Laser surgery: go in with your eyes open’, Consumer Reports, vol. 74, no. 11, pp.8. Leach, NE, Miller, WL, Tran, A, Bergmanson, LPG 2006, ‘A universal contact lens design for the post-refractive surgery cornea’, Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 131-137. Lewis, C 1998, ‘Laser eye surgery: is it worth looking for?’, FDA Consumer, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 32+. Lewis, C 2001, ‘Vision correction: taking a look at wh at’s new’, FDA Consumer, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 25. McGhee, CNJ, Craig, JP, Sachdev, N, Weed, K Brown, A 2000, ‘Functional, psychological, and satisfaction outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia’, Journal of Cataract Refractive Surgery, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 497-509. Munnerlyn, CR 2003, ‘Lasers in ophthalmology: past, present, and future’, Journal of Modern Optics, vol. 50, no. 15/17, pp. 2351-2360. Sakimoto, T, Rosenblatt, M, Azar, D 2006, ‘Laser eyes surgery for refractive errors’, Lancet, vol. 367, no. 9520, pp. 1432-1447. Segal, M 1995, ‘Eye surgery helps some see better’, FDA Consumer, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 15+. Spindel, G 1998, ‘Laser vision correction proves its worth’, New Hampshire Business Review, vol. 20, no. 26, pp. 38. Wiggins, D, Woodhouse, M, Margrain, TH, Harris, CM, Erichsen, JT 2007, ‘The consequences of eye position for nystagmus patients’, Investigating Opht halmology Visual Science, vol. 48, no.5, pp. 2089-2094.

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